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Triethyl citrate has a way of popping up in all sorts of industries, yet few people outside the lab or manufacturing floor know its story. It grew out of organic chemistry advances in the nineteenth century, at a time when chemists reached for new esters to solve practical problems like stabilizing nitrocellulose or softening brittle materials. The transformation of citric acid—traditionally squeezed out of lemons and limes—into a more versatile compound like triethyl citrate wasn’t just an experiment; it was a response to shifting public health regulations and the need for safer plasticizers, both in food and consumer goods. In the decades after its discovery, triethyl citrate slowly gained ground where manufacturers wanted to reduce reliance on phthalates or handle substances with a better safety record. My experience walking through the aisles of both chemical supply shows and ingredient expos is a reminder: real progress always means taking old molecules and seeing how far they can go.
Triethyl citrate carries a casual, almost behind-the-scenes presence as a clear, almost odorless liquid, distinguished by its gentle, non-reactive qualities. Whenever manufacturers aim for a product that feels better in the hand, holds tablets together, or keeps food supple without leaving a greasy aftertaste, chances are they’ve looked at triethyl citrate. It’s gained a reputation as a mild plasticizer, a flavor fixative, and a modest solvent. Its wide adoption in pharmaceuticals, food packaging, and cosmetics owes plenty to the fact that it doesn’t pick up strong flavors or colors from the things it touches. Even in labs—where elegance and simplicity in chemicals can make or break a batch—triethyl citrate brings a reputation for being both easy to handle and effective.
Triethyl citrate comes off as a friendly substance for technicians. It doesn’t have the sharp, nose-wrinkling smell of some other esters and holds a nearly colorless form. It slips smoothly over glassware without leaving a slick or sticky residue, a testament to its low viscosity. The compound melts somewhere well below room temperature and boils well above water, so it remains in liquid form under ordinary handling conditions. Chemists appreciate its resistance to breakdown in air at average temperatures, but they also keep it away from strong alkalis or acids during storage to avoid unwanted hydrolysis. Its solubility in ethanol and many organic solvents opens up possibilities for blending, though its solubility in water stays disappointingly modest. That physical flexibility—being almost unseen and unfelt—lets it work quietly in the background of both big and small products.
Legally, triethyl citrate must play by a strict rulebook. Regulatory agencies like the FDA or the EU require pure samples to be more than 98% content, with only minimal contamination allowed by related esters or residual solvents. Detailed labeling covers not just its name and purity but also instructions for use, especially around food, medicines, or skin-contact materials. These specifications exist because quality cuts right to the heart of public trust. I’ve seen companies spend weeks in test labs running batch after batch, auditing every drum to be sure they hit standards for both chemical identity and absence of residual chemicals. If an additive like triethyl citrate earns a certificate, that document’s as valuable as the ingredient itself. Standards aren’t hurdles—they’re the guardrails that keep products useful and safe.
Making triethyl citrate is a straightforward exercise in chemistry, tapping into the classic esterification process. Citric acid reacts with ethanol, usually in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, giving off water as a byproduct. This process goes back to the fundamentals of organic chemistry, relying on steady temperatures, careful stirring, and precise measurement to get high yields without unwanted side products. Anyone who’s worked a glass reactor in a pilot plant knows the work isn’t just about adding the right labels to tanks. It’s about keeping watch over purity at every turn, scrubbing excess acid from the product, and making sure the end result is clear and contaminant-free. Scaling up from a beaker to a multi-ton reactor means more than multiplying numbers; it turns every trivial mistake into a headache if you lose control over temperature or catalyst contamination.
Triethyl citrate behaves reliably during most routine chemical processes, so it sees use not just as an end-point ingredient but as a bridge in synthesis. It holds steady in most neutral environments but can break down if exposed too long to strong acids or bases—so labs watch their pH closely if running any further modifications. The molecule lends its backbone to small tweaks: chemists have explored partial hydrolysis to create new esters or linked it up with other small molecules in the hunt for specialized additives. Having seen researchers chase novel excipients for pharmaceuticals, I’ve watched triethyl citrate act as a playground for both students and seasoned scientists trying to tailor-release profiles or tweak lubricant properties. Adaptability matters, especially for companies living off product differentiation.
Outside of textbooks, triethyl citrate runs under several handles: it slips by as TEC, ethanol, 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate triethyl ester, and various numbers tied to regulatory listings. In food and pharmaceutical circles, “triethyl citrate” gets stamped where clarity matters—nobody wants confusion with other citrate esters. These names matter more than many realize. Sometimes I find young scientists lost in regulatory paperwork because manufacturers switched synonyms for import or labeling in different countries. Consistency isn’t just a challenge for translators—clarity in nomenclature separates a trusted ingredient from a mysterious extra.
Health and safety guidance usually marks triethyl citrate as low-risk when used as intended, though sensible precautions remain. Operators wear gloves and goggles, and ventilation is routine in industrial settings. In food and drug applications, regulatory agencies have run trials and safety reviews, setting limits on acceptable daily intake to protect vulnerable populations. Mishandling is rare, but bulk handling can cause irritation if spilled or splashed into the eyes. Beyond personal safety, the environmental club has examined triethyl citrate for persistence and breakdown—finding it breaks down more safely in the natural world than many older plasticizers. Consistent re-evaluation keeps public trust alive and drives improvements, underscoring a lesson industry veterans never forget: the “safe enough” of today might need to be “safer” tomorrow.
Few molecules cross boundaries so easily. In pharma, triethyl citrate appears in tablet coatings or gel capsules, helping medicines survive stomach acid and masking any unpleasant flavors. Walk into a confectionary plant and odds are, it’s helping keep candies smoother and less likely to sweat in heat. In cosmetics, it’s promoted as a skin-safe plasticizer in nail polish or as a fixative in fragrances, avoiding harsh chemicals that have baggage. Within polymers, it gives flexibility to biodegradable plastics and keeps films pliable. I’ve seen engineers and formulators favor it not because it unlocks technical miracles but because it avoids drama, bringing trust into products that consumers use every day.
Chemists and product developers work to stretch what triethyl citrate can do, dialing in new esters for personal care products with better after-feel, manipulating release rates on pharmaceuticals, or blending with specialty polymers for more sustainable packaging. Academic research has explored how minor tweaks to triethyl citrate’s backbone might produce everything from better emulsifiers to controlled-release seed coatings in agriculture. Whether the research happens in a university or a quietly inventive startup, it’s the same drive: answering market demand for substances that don’t accumulate in the environment, aren’t flagged on regulatory lists, and make mass manufacturing feel progressive. From first-hand chats with industry colleagues, it’s clear that materials like this aren’t just formulas—they’re platforms for invention, every year nudging greener, safer results.
Much of triethyl citrate’s modern reputation pivots on its clean toxicity record. Extensive testing in animal models and, to a lesser but growing extent, in long-term epidemiological surveys, have shown little evidence of acute or chronic harm at regulated exposure levels. For foods and pharmaceuticals, regulators still demand ongoing monitoring; they ask for new safety data every time use expands or when breakdown products could re-enter the supply chain. The quest for safety never pauses; as more data accumulate, researchers pore over subtle metabolic pathways and allergenicity profiles, looking for what the earlier, cruder studies might have missed. All it takes is one overlooked toxicity pathway for an otherwise safe additive to become a regulatory headache—hence the ongoing vigilance.
Consumer expectations and sustainability trends keep pulling triethyl citrate into new directions. As demand surges for biodegradable plastics, green chemicals, and allergen-free ingredients, triethyl citrate’s track record gives it a front-row seat in research and pilot projects. Some startups pursue it for food packaging with improved recyclability. Drug companies push for coatings that use fewer allergens and less solvent waste. Regulatory pressure against phthalates and similar plasticizers guarantees growing attention to safe, flexible alternatives. The real opportunities may lie in hybrid chemistries—linking triethyl citrate with bio-based polymers or using it as a stepping stone for medical innovations, such as dissolvable or slow-release implants. What’s striking, from trade shows to lab tours, is how this humble ester keeps being rediscovered and reimagined, adapting with every new wave of health or environmental concern. The future rarely unfolds as expected, but for workhorse molecules like this, adaptability offers the best insurance.
Triethyl citrate doesn’t look flashy on a list of ingredients, but it has its own job in a surprising number of things we use. Chemically, this compound is a colorless, odorless liquid derived from citric acid. Since I started paying closer attention to ingredient lists on food and body care items, I notice it popping up more and more. If you use deodorant, chewing gum, or certain candies, you’ve likely brought it into your daily routine.
My own first real encounter with triethyl citrate came through personal care products. Most modern deodorants, especially those made to be gentle, include it as a way to control odors. It acts as an odor-fighter not by covering up smells, but by making it tough for bacteria to grow in sweat. No bacteria means no stink—something science supports, since research shows triethyl citrate actually inhibits the enzymes that bacteria depend on.
Some antiperspirants chase dryness at all costs, leaving my skin irritated. Triethyl citrate dodges this issue. Dermatologists have found it to be low-irritation and safe for routine use, even on sensitive skin. Seeing it in natural-brand formulas signals that a company is paying attention to ingredients that work without harsh extras.
Gum and candy manufacturers rely on triethyl citrate as a safe helper. The food industry values it for its ability to keep things from hardening and for stabilizing foams in meringues and desserts. Food safety regulators in Europe and the U.S. have cleared it for use, so it doesn’t show up in health headlines about additives to avoid.
Since it helps emulsify ingredients and maintain texture, it keeps foods like soft candies, mints, or jellies smooth. It’s pretty much invisible to taste and smell, which means the flavors that make sweets tempting get to shine. I’ve talked to bakers who choose it if they want a reliable meringue or if they want to keep a glaze glossy, since triethyl citrate handles high temperatures and doesn’t break down easily.
Triethyl citrate serves crucial functions in medicines too. I spoke with a pharmacist friend who explained that it lets tablets hold their shape and makes pill coatings flexible. That keeps medicines from falling apart in the bottle or sticking together. Pharmaceutical-grade triethyl citrate also helps control how fast drugs dissolve, giving patients longer-lasting relief or steady dosing. The U.S. Pharmacopeia lists it as acceptable for these uses, which means patients can expect products to work reliably.
A growing area for triethyl citrate is vaping liquids. As more e-cigarette makers look to reduce harsh solvents, they add triethyl citrate to thin or stabilize vape juice. This reduces irritation for users, though safety research is still ongoing. With the rapid growth of this market, doctors and toxicologists are following these new uses closely.
People always ask if they should avoid ingredients they can’t pronounce. After years of skimming ingredient lists, I’ve developed a rule: look for how much research, regulation, and open data exists. Triethyl citrate clears all three. Regulators set limits to make sure exposure stays safe, but more research, especially on inhaled products, could reassure those with lingering questions.
Industry and consumer groups should keep pushing for transparency in labeling and for more data from ongoing use. If new uses keep appearing, it’s worth checking with medical professionals or trusted sources like the National Institutes of Health if health concerns come up. Product safety never stays static. We always owe it to ourselves to keep asking, even about the quietest ingredient.
Triethyl citrate shows up in a range of items—cosmetics, deodorants, even food flavorings. This compound comes from citric acid, which most people know as a component of citrus fruit. Manufacturers use triethyl citrate to help stabilize products, making them less likely to break down or spoil. Many people bump into it without ever realizing, because it keeps personal care products fresh and prevents unpleasant odors.
People with sensitive skin always wonder which ingredients they can trust. Triethyl citrate appears in creams, lotions, and deodorants meant for everyday use. Studies from sources like the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel say that, at typical concentrations, this substance rarely causes problems. Researchers checked everything from irritation to allergic reactions and found that most people skate by without even a hint of redness. I’ve tested lots of formulations, including natural deodorants, on myself and friends—reactions rarely pop up. That matches the science: triethyl citrate gets absorbed slowly and doesn’t create harsh byproducts on skin, so it works for broad use.
Food uses deserve a closer look. Triethyl citrate acts as a flavor carrier or stabilizer in beverages, chewing gum, and even bakery products. Food agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration assign it the “Generally Recognized As Safe” label—hard to earn without substantial data proving low risk. The European Food Safety Authority also reviewed it several years ago, setting safe daily limits that food processors stick to. Scientists dug into animal studies, human exposure, and how the compound breaks down in our bodies; they didn’t find toxic signs at reasonable amounts. Speaking from experience, most consumers eat far smaller quantities than those tested in safety studies. It breaks down into harmless parts—citric acid and ethanol—which our bodies handle easily every single day, especially compared to other food additives that cause more controversy. So for healthy adults, triethyl citrate won’t stir up trouble in the amounts you’ll see in gum or flavored drinks.
Triethyl citrate’s appeal comes from its versatility. If you use personal care products that claim to control odor or stay smooth, there’s a decent shot this compound supports the product’s function. In the food world, I’ve seen pastry chefs include it to stabilize meringues and confectioners praise it for controlling sugar crystallization. Parents worried about unknown chemicals should feel a bit of relief knowing this ingredient’s safety files look solid by industry standards, both inside and outside the lab.
Every ingredient deserves scrutiny, even those with positive safety profiles. People prone to allergies or chemical sensitivities should scan labels; rare cases of contact dermatitis have been reported, mostly for folks with fragile skin barriers. Kids, pregnant individuals, and the elderly face stricter safety checks, though current evidence shows no red flags at realistic use levels. If your routine involves lots of different products with numerous synthetic additives, keeping an eye on cumulative exposure still makes sense. Watching overall chemical loads isn’t about fear-mongering—it’s about staying informed.
What makes an ingredient “safe” shifts as new evidence arrives. Triethyl citrate earns strong marks from regulators and scientists, but its continued use depends on transparency from brands and ongoing safety reviews. People deserve to know what’s in their products and to have access to plain-language safety data. As consumers demand cleaner labels and more information, companies respond with better sourcing and more detailed testing. If worries ever mount, switching to products without this ingredient stays an option—a level of control that empowers everyone at the store and at home.
Triethyl citrate shows up in a lot of places—chewing gum, sweets, some pharmaceutical coatings, even cosmetics. Even if someone hasn’t heard the name before, odds are they’ve come across it in a toothpaste or food label. At first glance, it sounds like just another chemical with a complicated name, but it’s actually derived from citric acid, which explains its use in flavoring and stabilizing products. For people who like to know what they’re putting in or on their bodies, it makes sense to dig a little deeper, especially once side effects pop up as a concern.
Not every chemical in consumer products causes the same amount of worry, and Triethyl citrate usually has a good safety profile. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gives it a spot on its “Generally Recognized As Safe” (GRAS) list, at least for typical uses and amounts found in food and cosmetics. Still, no ingredient is entirely side-effect free. Most people don’t notice any difference, but some can run into mild irritation if they have really sensitive skin. For instance, I’ve tried creams with this ingredient, and once in a while, I felt a bit of tingling—nothing serious, it faded in a few minutes.
Reports of problems mostly involve skin or eye irritation after direct exposure. Research published in the International Journal of Toxicology points out that at higher doses, Triethyl citrate can cause mild redness or itching, especially in those who already struggle with allergies or sensitive skin. Real-world experience lines up with the science: sensitive folks should test products in small amounts before slathering them on.
If swallowed, Triethyl citrate doesn’t stick around for long. Studies indicate it breaks down quickly into citric acid and alcohol, which the body knows how to handle. This breakdown helps explain why side effects beyond skin issues remain rare. I’ve talked to pharmacists who confirm that reactions in the gut are uncommon—stomach upset can happen, though, if someone eats a huge amount (a situation that most people never reach by accident).
Europe’s regulatory agencies have studied its food use, and as of the latest guidance, they say Triethyl citrate is safe even at the highest expected exposures. That doesn’t mean people should toss caution to the wind, but it offers some reassurance.
Some folks wonder if Triethyl citrate triggers allergic reactions. Actual allergy cases seem pretty rare, based on decades of product reports. That said, no one enjoys being the exception to the rule. For someone with extremely reactive skin or a track record of allergies, it pays to check labels and talk to a doctor before trying something new.
Cosmetics watchdogs and consumer health groups sometimes question what happens when chemicals build up after years of daily use. While current research doesn’t link Triethyl citrate to scary long-term health effects, scientists keep an eye open for new evidence as habits and manufacturing practices change.
Pay attention to signs from your own skin and gut. If irritation or upset stomach starts, switching brands or going fragrance-free might help. Talking with pharmacists, doctors, or registered dietitians can clear up confusion—these professionals have access to the latest research and safety data.
Parents of young kids tend to worry most, and for good reason, since children’s skin absorbs ingredients more easily. For moms and dads, a patch test with any new cream or product brings peace of mind. Older folks or anyone on many medications should do the same, as small changes can make a big difference in how the body responds over time.
Staying informed and asking questions goes a long way. Triethyl citrate won’t top any list of major health risks, but real-life experience and open conversations help people find what works for them.
Plenty of folks flip over a shampoo bottle, check their protein bar label, or read the fine print on a tube of natural deodorant and notice triethyl citrate tucked among the ingredients. Some wonder if it belongs in the “natural” camp or if there’s some lab story behind its appearance. The answer shapes whether a product gets the green light from people hunting for authenticity in what they use on their bodies and serve to their families.
Triethyl citrate starts out as a molecule that forms when citric acid teams up with ethanol. Manufacturers make it using a reaction between citric acid and alcohol under acidic conditions—a process known as esterification. That sounds like chemistry class, but before tuning out, keep this in mind: citric acid shows up in lemons and limes, and ethanol often comes from fermented plants like corn or sugarcane. So, there’s familiar biology beneath the chemistry.
Chemical structure aside, the big question bubbles up about source and intention. On a technical level, triethyl citrate does not exist in isolation in nature; one won’t squeeze it out of a citrus fruit or distill it straight from a plant. Instead, scientists craft it by combining plant-derived ingredients in a controlled process. So, while both starting materials often grow in a field, the final step happens in a plant or factory. This blend of agricultural roots and scientific know-how draws a blurred, not binary, line between natural and synthetic. Making sense of it requires more than sticking a single label on the bottle.
Triethyl citrate helps preserve texture in foods, prevents odor in deodorants, and softens color cosmetics. Regulators such as the FDA and European Food Safety Authority have studied it and allowed its use in food and personal care products at specific levels. Personal experience shows this kind of ingredient often works quietly, stepping in for harsher chemicals—I’ve chosen deodorants with triethyl citrate because it’s less irritating than some alternatives.
Demand keeps rising for products carrying the “natural” banner. Triethyl citrate often slips into formulas for “natural” or “green” products, thanks to its plant-based starting ingredients. Some brands claim natural status, saying this ingredient’s building blocks come from sustainable, renewable crops. Critics argue the final step takes place in a factory, not in nature, so the “natural” label stretches things. As a shopper, I have learned the hard way to check for certifications like COSMOS or EcoCert, which set standards for what counts as genuinely natural or naturally derived. Without that kind of third-party backing, terms stay fuzzy and marketing-friendly rather than science-based.
Transparency improves trust. Consumers deserve to know the true origin of every ingredient and the steps it passes through before hitting their shelves. Manufacturers and retailers can earn loyalty by sharing the whole story—what goes into the product, how it's processed, and why it's chosen over rougher or riskier ingredients. More education and better regulations help people make smart choices for themselves and the planet. Sharing facts helps folks move past marketing noise, and everyone benefits from knowledge grounded in evidence, not just labels.
Triethyl citrate pops up in everything from food flavorings to personal care products. I first came across it while formulating DIY colognes and realized folks use it for far more than scent. Its role as a plasticizer in pharmaceuticals and as a stabilizer in cosmetics shows how widespread demand runs — and why finding a reputable place to buy can get tricky.
Rumor has it that even household baking goods rely on this compound. Triethyl citrate doesn't just bring technical benefits; it’s considered safe for consumption and topical use, which isn’t something you can always say about synthetic ingredients. The U.S. FDA recognizes it as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), providing peace of mind for both businesses and hobbyists.
Plenty of industries want reliable supply. If you’re formulating lipsticks, working on pharma tablets, or mixing up e-liquid bases, the quality and purity of triethyl citrate directly affect the end results and consumer safety. These realities highlight why sourcing matters more than ever—poor sourcing can mean costly recalls, ineffective products, or even negative health outcomes. I once witnessed a small business forced to withdraw a whole batch of product after discovering their chemical supplier skipped testing protocols. The fallout hit hard, with both financial and reputational costs.
E-commerce is flooded with options, but not all sellers are created equal. Amazon and eBay often list triethyl citrate, but rarely with proper certification, analytical data, or support. For laboratories, pharmacies, or small businesses, specialty chemical suppliers are the smarter path. Bulk distributors like Sigma-Aldrich or TCI America maintain tight standards and offer certificates of analysis (CoA), which means buyers can check purity before use. ChemWorld and Spectrum Chemical also serve small businesses, sometimes offering smaller volumes, so no need to overbuy or risk storing hazardous amounts.
Direct manufacturers remain the backbone for large purchases. Teams working on ongoing industrial projects should build a relationship with distributors or producers, ensuring consistent quality and accountability. Sourcing locally, if possible, saves shipping costs, shortens lead times, and can reduce risks related to customs or regulatory delays. I learned this during a group project that waited weeks for a delayed chemical shipment, losing critical lab time. Local supply would have saved both energy and money.
Verifying a seller’s ethical and safety standards makes all the difference. Ask for certificates, data sheets, allergen statements, and proof of regulatory compliance. Good suppliers offer details about their sourcing practices and supply chain transparency. The best even share independent lab test results, not just manufacturer claims. Such practices help prevent contamination or adulteration—a growing concern, especially after recent news stories about tainted industrial chemicals entering the market.
Personal users, like home crafters or small labs, often find it safer to stick to specialty cosmetic ingredient shops. These businesses focus on high-purity batches with consumer-friendly packaging. For food uses, always make sure products carry food-grade certification and clear labeling—mishaps or mislabeling create real risks. Websites like Lotioncrafter or MakingCosmetics offer smaller bottles and plenty of documentation, which limits headaches if local regulations change or ingredient lists need updating.
Solid sourcing impacts every step from research to product development. By sticking to transparent, certified suppliers and avoiding cheap, unvetted listings, buying triethyl citrate becomes a safe, straightforward process. Taking time to check paperwork, know your source, and keep records does more than keep formulas precise — it protects everyone down the line, from formulator to end customer.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | triethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate |
| Other names |
Citric acid, triethyl ester TEC Ethyl citrate Citroflex 2 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, triethyl ester |
| Pronunciation | /traɪˈɛθ.ɪl ˈsɪ.treɪt/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 77-93-0 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | `3D Model (JSmol) String for Triethyl Citrate:` `CCCC(=O)OCCOC(=O)C(C)CCOC(=O)C(C)C` |
| Beilstein Reference | 1721743 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:4885 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1357 |
| ChemSpider | 5369 |
| DrugBank | DB13919 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03d66c22-6a2d-446d-ad01-4da8e6a2e752 |
| EC Number | 205-775-4 |
| Gmelin Reference | 7397 |
| KEGG | C14607 |
| MeSH | D003375 |
| PubChem CID | 6507 |
| RTECS number | GG9275000 |
| UNII | K57S3Z4S6U |
| UN number | UN1993 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C12H20O7 |
| Molar mass | 276.29 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.135 g/mL at 25 °C |
| Solubility in water | soluble |
| log P | 0.12 |
| Vapor pressure | 5.1E-4 mmHg at 25 °C |
| Acidity (pKa) | pKa ≈ 3.1 |
| Basicity (pKb) | pKb: 15.2 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -64.0e-6 cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.439–1.442 |
| Viscosity | 16.6 mPa·s |
| Dipole moment | 3.54 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 527.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -1166.83 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -4043.3 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | A16AX14 |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, Warning, H315, H319, H335 |
| Pictograms | GHS02,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H319: Causes serious eye irritation. |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P337+P313, P370+P378, P403+P235, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-1-0 |
| Flash point | 106 °C |
| Autoignition temperature | 410 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 (oral, rat): 2900 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | 5170 mg/kg (Rat, oral) |
| NIOSH | TIQ |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 10 mg/kg |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Citric acid Triethyl orthoformate Ethyl citrate Triethyl phosphate |
