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People have turned saturated monoalcohols into building blocks for modern chemistry and industry, long before most of us thought hard about what’s in a bottle of rubbing alcohol or the perfume we just sprayed. Simple alcohols like methanol and ethanol first got isolated from fermentation and distillation. Early apothecaries took advantage of their solubility in water and oil, so their medicinal and social value grew fast. Over time, chemists learned to refine and create alcohols through both fermentation and direct chemical synthesis—which marked a real turning point, especially as steam cracking and petrochemical routes opened up. Saturated monoalcohols moved from pharmacology and drink to lubricants, plasticizers, cleaning agents, and countless other outlets. These molecules nudged chemistry from curiosity to industrial might.
Talk about saturated monoalcohols, and suddenly the field stretches from household names like isopropanol to long-chain alcohols stashed in cosmetics and surfactants. Chemically, each molecule has a single OH group stuck to a hydrocarbon backbone without any double bonds. Think of a spectrum running from methanol, clear and light on the tongue but harshly toxic, to cetyl alcohol, waxy and soothing in a moisturizer. While grocery aisles show us ethanol in spirits and isopropanol as hand sanitizer, chemists see a toolkit for cleaning, dissolving, preserving, and making new compounds. The sheer range means nearly every sector, from painting walls to producing pharmaceuticals, leans on at least one member of this family.
Most saturated monoalcohols look simple at the molecular level. They share a bent, polar structure with a hydroxyl head and a hydrocarbon tail, which often means they dissolve in water if short enough, or oil if their chain gets longer. The smell of rubbing alcohol cuts through a sickroom almost instantly; the chief culprit being isopropyl alcohol, which evaporates fast thanks to its low boiling point. On the other hand, take lauryl or stearyl alcohol—they show up solid at room temperature and slip right into lotions and balms. The boiling and melting points climb as the carbon count goes up, which makes sense: longer tails stick together better, demanding more heat to break them apart. As chemical actors, saturated monoalcohols bridge polar and nonpolar worlds, mixing ingredients that otherwise would stay stubbornly separate, and even acting as intermediates or solvents during tough reactions.
Work in any modern laboratory or processing plant, and technical specs for saturated monoalcohols loom large. Purity often sits above 99 percent for pharmaceutical or analytical uses, as traces of other alcohols or water skew results or endanger patients. Labels now show not just the alcohol name and concentration, but also impurities, water content, and storage recommendations. Distillation or distillation combined with molecular sieves gets employed for the highest grades, and the final product gets sealed tight and often marked with batch data for full traceability. Regulatory changes over the last decade ask for more: toxics, flammability, and even the country of origin. This added transparency benefits everyone, from the researcher pipetting drops to the person sanitizing their hands.
Fermentation sits at the root for the earliest—and still one of the greenest—production routes, especially for ethanol. Yeasts chew through sugars, turn them into CO2 and alcohol, and distillers concentrate the result. Petrochemical synthesis, though, handles the biggest share today. High-pressure hydrogenation of various aldehydes and acids yields primary alcohols in bulk. Isopropanol, to point at one, comes from hydrating propene, which connects right back to crude oil cracking. Still, as the world eyes fossil alternatives, biotechnologists push at producing longer-chain alcohols using engineered microbes or renewable feedstocks—sometimes with success, though costs still creep above petrochemical numbers. Each method tweaks yields, purity, and, crucially, the carbon footprint, and some governments have started subsidizing greener routes in the hopes that economies of scale will catch up.
Saturated monoalcohols rarely stay put; chemists will turn them into esters for fruity flavors, ethers for solvents, or oxidize them to aldehydes and acids found in flavors and plastics. This reactivity comes down to the hydroxyl group, a handy handle for further chemistry. Esterification happens everywhere—from the perfume lab mixing fragrant molecules to the plastics plant making phthalate esters for soft PVC. Oxidation sometimes gets tricky: gentle conditions keep alcohols from turning to acids, while strong oxidizers might go too far, but small changes in temperature or catalyst alter outcomes. In the lab, monoalcohols serve as reducing agents, sometimes as solvents, and even as participants in the construction of pharmaceuticals that depend on tiny tweaks at one carbon. The range of downstream products explodes thanks to how easy it is to functionalize or combine these molecules with others.
Common names abound for saturated monoalcohols, and context often decides which one crops up. Ethanol is known as ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, or even simply “spirits” on a bar shelf. Isopropanol gets labeled as 2-propanol or rubbing alcohol on store shelves. Stearyl and cetyl alcohols, both core to personal care, sometimes show up as octadecanol and hexadecanol respectively in technical documentation. These alternate names come from both tradition and systematic IUPAC rules, although the trade often falls back on casual labels, especially in cleaning, cosmetics, or pharmaceutical settings. This multiplicity sometimes confuses procurement or regulatory compliance, particularly across international lines, so harmonizing labels has become a steady project for both manufacturers and regulators.
Working with saturated monoalcohols takes care, not just routine precautions. Isopropanol, ethanol, and methanol are flammable enough to make open flames or hot plates a serious hazard in any lab or factory. Methanol stands out for another risk—it’s acutely toxic even in small doses, which has led to deliberate denaturation of industrial alcohols to prevent accidental or intentional consumption. Standard guidance now demands adequate ventilation in storage and handling areas, flammable-liquid-rated cabinets, and clear signage on all containers. Protective gear—gloves, eye protection, and sometimes respirators—acts as a frontline defense. Reporting procedures for spills, burns, and exposures get drilled into workers, shaped by both OSHA and local workplace safety regulators. As supply chains grow more global, harmonized standards have made it easier to expect safer outcomes, even for workers at plants that might sit continents away.
The daily reach of saturated monoalcohols shows up across medicine, cosmetics, homecare, and heavy industry. Ethanol’s most familiar form may be a glass of wine, but in the pandemic era, alcohol-based disinfectants blanketed every home and office. Isopropanol has found a home in first-aid kits, electronics cleaning, and pharmaceutical manufacturing where its quick evaporation and low toxicity matter. Fatty alcohols like cetyl and stearyl smooth out creams, stabilize emulsions, and add glide to shaving foams. In coatings and paints, lower alcohols blend ingredients, speed up drying, and clean surfaces. Plastics, surfactants, herbicides, fragrances, inks—across each, some form of saturated monoalcohol either gets used for its own properties or as an intermediate, bringing otherwise-inert hydrocarbon frameworks into the world of polar chemistry.
Innovation has not left saturated monoalcohols behind. Researchers at universities and private labs push for greener synthesis: tweaking fermentation microbes, finding new catalysts, or using carbon dioxide as a feedstock. Some teams apply machine learning to predict which alcohols will best solubilize tricky drugs or prevent precipitation in dry, hot climates. Others try to improve the energy profile of big production plants, focusing on lower temperatures, fewer steps, and more renewable ingredients. Specialists in drug delivery tweak the backbone or add functional groups, looking to coax alcohols into carrying vaccines or painkillers through skin or mucosae. Some newly engineered alcohols even show antiviral and antibacterial action, drawing from careful alteration of the otherwise-simple hydrocarbon chain. For those working in protein science and cell biology, certain monoalcohols have allowed precision tweaking of solubility and crystallization conditions, pushing research on enzymes and antibodies faster and further than before.
Everyday access doesn’t mean every monoalcohol comes without risk. Methanol highlights the dangers: metabolic conversion produces formaldehyde and formic acid, which attack the nervous system and blind or even kill people who ingest it by accident or through tainted spirits. Isopropanol, while safer, still causes dizziness, nausea, and slowed central nervous system function at high exposures, with large doses turning fatal. Ethanol’s hazards depend on amount and frequency; acute poisoning through overconsumption joins chronic problems like liver cirrhosis and certain cancers due to its metabolic byproducts. Fatty alcohols fare far better—low toxicity, little risk beyond mild skin irritation for most people, even if used in daily moisturizers. Despite these risks, clear labeling and tighter production controls have worked. Regular toxicological updates now flow from global agencies, and workplaces or schools feature training on identifying and managing exposure risks. Advances in analytical chemistry—mass spectrometry, chromatography—helped regulators trace and curb cases of adulteration or contamination at levels unheard of just decades ago.
Looking ahead, the story of saturated monoalcohols will get shaped by sustainability and tighter regulation. There’s an ongoing shift to renewable feedstocks, guided both by policy and by changing consumer expectation. With the science behind fermentation maturing and synthetic biology unlocking efficient routes to longer-chain alcohols, petrochemical origins will likely shrink over the decades to come. Flammability and toxicity push everyday users and industrial players to demand better packaging, smarter storage, and less hazardous blends—urging new formulations or slow-release alcohols for safer disinfection, even in resource-limited settings. Regulatory harmonization, particularly around labeling and purity, drives forward as supply chains stretch ever further and new producers enter old markets. With continuing research, monoalcohols might yet unlock new applications—from green solvents to tailored therapeutics and next-generation surfactants—provided that investments keep pace and end-users remain attentive to both their promise and their peril. For now, much of modern life still depends on these molecules, underscoring just how much work a single functional group can accomplish.
Saturated monoalcohols show up in more places than many people realize. These are alcohols with one hydroxyl group, attached to a “saturated” hydrocarbon chain. Think of straightforward molecules like ethanol, methanol, and propanol. Unlike fancier alcohols with extra double bonds or branches, these stick to single bonds, packing a stability that companies and researchers trust.
Take a look in a medicine cabinet, under the kitchen sink, or even at a paint shelf, and chances are, you’ll find examples of saturated monoalcohols. Ethanol and isopropanol often show up as disinfectants and hand sanitizers. What makes them tick? The molecular structure breaks down oily residues and cracks open the membranes on germs and viruses. During the pandemic, these alcohols became frontline defenders, showing just how much society relies on basic chemical tools.
I’ve worked with ethanol in a university lab, not just preparing sanitizer but also as a solvent for plant extracts. No other solvent matched ethanol’s safety for food use and ease of evaporation. Many natural extracts from herbs wouldn’t reach pharmacy shelves or flavor companies without this alcohol doing the heavy lifting.
Saturated monoalcohols don’t just stop at cleaning and extraction. Gasoline stations carry fuel with as much as 10% ethanol. Blending alcohol with gasoline lowers emissions and puts less stress on the environment than burning pure fossil fuels. There’s always pushback about cost and energy inputs, but every time I look at the air quality data around big cities introducing ethanol-blended fuels, the reductions in some pollutants are real. This isn't a perfect fix, but it moves the needle.
In the fragrance world, perfumers reach for these alcohols to dissolve essential oils and disperse scents. No strong odor, no skin irritation—just a clear, evaporating base that leaves only the scent behind. Producers like low toxicity and predictability. Fragrance chemistry can get weird, but the basics still come down to alcohols like ethanol used for decades.
Paint and coatings factories count on butanol and similar alcohols to deliver pigments and resins in a spreadable form. Alcohols prevent lumpiness and stalling, especially for water-insoluble ingredients. Printing presses and textile plants need similar chemistry to work without hiccups. Though people rarely think about chemistry while painting a wall or putting on a printed t-shirt, these compounds quietly keep things running.
There’s the other side, too. Ethanol and methanol have intoxicating effects, and in the wrong hands, methanol is toxic and has caused poisoning outbreaks. Regulation tracks production and distribution. Methanol poisoning pops up in regions with poor controls or black-market alcohol. Over the past decade, community education, warnings, and stricter enforcement helped lower casualties. Safer packaging with clear skull-and-crossbones warnings and coloring agents make it harder to confuse one alcohol for another. Still, low-income areas carry more risk.
Waste from distilleries and alcohol plants presents another challenge. Some companies capture carbon emissions or convert residues into animal feed, showing cleaner, practical routes forward. Plenty of work remains before production matches climate goals, but steps taken so far show a path worth following.
Every batch of hand sanitizer, bottle of spirits, tank of E10 gas, and can of acrylic paint reminds me that chemistry powers more of daily life than most folks imagine. Saturated monoalcohols stay simple but go far in helping society stay clean, safe, fed, and moving forward.
Saturated and unsaturated monoalcohols show up everywhere from medicine to manufacturing, and they shape a lot about how chemical products perform. Living with an interest in practical chemistry, I’ve seen how the small changes in a molecule’s backbone alter its job and impact. The difference between saturated and unsaturated monoalcohols starts with the carbon chain. Saturated monoalcohols hold only single bonds between carbons, packing their chains with as many hydrogen atoms as possible. The classic example, ethanol, flows out of beverage bottles and into hospital disinfectant bottles alike. Unsaturated monoalcohols, on the other hand, skip a few hydrogens here and there. At least one double or triple bond sneaks into their carbon chains. This subtle shift rewires reactivity, melting point, and usefulness.
In a home or a laboratory, saturated monoalcohols tend to last longer without breaking down. I’ve used solutions based on saturated alcohols to clean microscope lenses and medical instruments. The saturated backbone resists most air and light, refusing to react unless a strong force pushes. Some household disinfectants owe their shelf life to this stability.
Compare that to unsaturated monoalcohols. Their double or triple bonds act like magnets for oxygen, leading to faster spoilage. Think of linseed oil, rich in unsaturated alcohols, drying and reacting right on a painter’s canvas. That paint sets thanks to these twitchy, oxygen-hungry molecules. In cosmetics, unsaturated alcohols sometimes show up because chemists want softness and better skin absorption, but anyone mixing creams knows they need extra antioxidants to stop products from turning bad.
Manufacturers keep a close eye on these chemical traits. Building block for plastics? Saturated monoalcohols shape up better, especially because they withstand high temperature and light without breaking apart. Biodiesel gets a boost in quality from saturated alcohols, too, since even low concentrations of unsaturated ones increase the risk of spoilage and gumming in engines. That’s not just lab talk—it hits pocketbooks when engines clog or fuel storage tanks gum up.
Pharmaceutical labs face another decision point. If stability outweighs quick reactions, saturated alcohols win out. They last in syrups or extracts. Where chemical modification or quick breakdown matter, unsaturated alcohols get the call. Medicinal chemists use those double bonds to anchor new pieces onto a drug. That bond provides a useful starting point for turning basic building blocks into something life-saving.
Handling these alcohols also means thinking about safety. I’ve gotten skin irritation working with both types, but saturated alcohols like ethanol wash away faster and break down in water supplies without leaving stubborn traces. Some unsaturated alcohols stick around longer in the environment, which matters for manufacturing plants looking to stay clean and green.
Regulators rely on facts when writing safety guidelines, looking at toxicity and persistence studies. For instance, simple saturated alcohols like methanol and ethanol are hazardous if misused but their breakdown is well understood. Some unsaturated alcohols, especially those with multiple double bonds, call for stricter monitoring due to unpredictable reactions or persistence in soil and water. Any chemistry lab or warehouse needs up-to-date safety sheets and someone who actually reads them.
Deciding between saturated and unsaturated monoalcohols means looking at the big picture: longevity, safety, reactivity, and cost. I always ask: What’s the end goal? Are you mixing a stable medicine or designing a fast-drying paint? Are you storing fuel or making beauty creams for sensitive skin? Each task draws out strengths and weaknesses. Better public awareness about these choices, especially around environmental impact and health risks, can guide the next wave of smart chemistry solutions. Stronger standards, ongoing research, and honest product labeling can nudge industries and consumers toward safer, more effective options.
Most folks have brushed up against saturated monoalcohols, even if they can't recall the term. These chemicals include straight-shooters like ethanol—yes, the stuff in beer and whiskey—and others like isopropanol, which probably lives under your bathroom sink or in your first aid kit. They show up in personal care products, sanitizers, fuels, and even some foods. The ease with which these compounds move from labs to the real world means that safety isn't just an afterthought. It deserves our full attention.
Anyone reading a label with words like "ethanol" or "isopropanol" might ask: Is this safe on my skin? Safe in my house? The question's honest. Ethanol, in low concentrations, proves its safety again and again. Sanitizers with 60% ethanol or more take down viruses and bacteria without harming most people's skin. At the same time, swallowing large amounts turns ethanol into a poison. Its cousin methanol gets even more dangerous—small amounts can blind or kill. Isopropanol delivers a clean and burn-free wound experience, but it will rush the bloodstream toward toxicity if swallowed. Even inhaling too much vapor can cause headaches or nausea.
Regulatory voices, from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to the European Chemical Agency, keep these alcohols on a tight leash. They set clear boundaries: maximum allowable concentrations, product warnings, and packaging rules. This scrutiny comes from decades of evidence. A recurring lesson: context changes everything. On skin, isopropyl alcohol is a godsend. Down the hatch, it's a trip to the emergency room.
It frustrates me as a parent and consumer how hard it is to untangle science-speak on labels. Take hand sanitizers. Some fly off the store shelves with soothing aloe and mint on the label. Others, ships from who-knows-where, slip into the gap when demand spikes. Shortages in 2020 taught us all to check the label for methanol contamination after a flood of recalls. Trusting a familiar brand helps, but smaller, less-regulated outfits can cut corners. That’s why verifying certifications and staying tuned in to product recalls gets so important in the daily routine.
Workplace exposure can crank up the risk. I've seen garages where mechanics barely glance at chemical safety sheets. Folks working with fuels and solvents can breathe far more solvent vapor in a shift than most people would face in a year. Proper ventilation, reliable gloves, and real safety training cut these risks down. Still, that gap between what science knows and what actually happens never goes away on its own.
Saturated monoalcohols earned their place in medicine and cleaning long before most cleaners hit the market. Their track record in killing germs and cleaning wounds stands solid. Trust comes from transparency. Industry and regulators should translate dense findings into real guidance. Apps that scan product barcodes and flag risky ingredients in simple language would let families make choices with confidence. More research on long-term effects, especially for folks who use these chemicals at work, would fill some of the blind spots.
Moving forward, clearer warnings, better safety data, and a push for safer alternatives where possible offer the best shot at keeping products useful and people safe. Knowing what's in your medicine cabinet shouldn’t take a chemistry degree or a leap of faith.
Saturated monoalcohols show up in places most people hardly notice. Open a bottle of rubbing alcohol or spray a glass cleaner, and chances are, you’re working with one of these chemicals. Ethanol and isopropanol, two of the best-known saturated monoalcohols, serve as reliable disinfectants in both homes and hospitals. I remember my grandmother using rubbing alcohol on scrapes when I was a kid. That sharp smell meant a break from bacteria and a bit of a sting—but the wound stayed clean.
Industries lean heavily on saturated monoalcohols as starting materials for making a range of products. Manufacturers turn to ethanol and methanol for synthesizing paints, plastics, and adhesives. Isopropanol finds its way into everything from inks to antifreeze. What seems like a small part—a clear liquid with a faint scent—supports the wider world of modern manufacturing. Without these building blocks, everyday items like soaps, shampoos, and even car fuel systems wouldn’t work the way they should.
A shelf in any bathroom probably hosts several products relying on monoalcohols. Shampoos, lotions, perfumes, and deodorants each use these ingredients to help blend oils and water, dissolve fragrances, and keep the product stable. Ethanol, for example, thins down creams and helps scents blend smoothly. The label may not shout about the role of a monoalcohol, yet many personal care routines run because of it.
Medicines and medical products borrow heavily from saturated monoalcohol chemistry. Isopropanol and ethanol clean hospital surfaces and prep skin for injections. They also help dissolve active ingredients in cough syrups, mouthwashes, or tinctures. In my pharmacy days, I noticed how these alcohols reduced the risk of cross-contamination. The healthcare sector depends on their efficient action because they act quickly and evaporate without leaving much behind.
Ethanol stands at the center of beverage production. Beers, wines, and spirits use ethanol fermentation for flavor and preservation. Beyond the bottle, food processors use small amounts of ethanol as a carrier for flavor extracts or as a preservative. Without careful controls, using these compounds can risk quality, so food safety teams keep a close eye on every batch. Experience in the restaurant business has shown me just how careful suppliers need to be to meet health codes.
New uses and improvements rely on research into monoalcohols. Scientists are working on greener production processes, using sustainable biomass to make ethanol and butanol. These renewable routes serve both energy needs and lower the environmental burden. Flex-fuel vehicles on the road run on gasoline mixed with ethanol, cutting down emissions and supporting local agriculture. By tapping into bio-based routes, the industry responds to growing climate concerns without knocking out efficiency or performance.
Used in the right way, saturated monoalcohols are practical and safe. Safety guidelines matter because high concentrations cause irritation or fire hazards. Proper labeling, storage, and public awareness play big roles in preventing accidents. I’ve seen the outcome of careless storage—chemical burns or fire emergencies—so having simple, clear rules about how to use and store these alcohols protects everyone from harm.
Saturated monoalcohols show up on chemical shelves with names like ethanol, methanol, and propanol. These chemicals form the backbone of factories, labs, and everyday products, from cleaning agents to fuels. Many carry a strong smell and evaporate fast. They rank high for flammability, and a careless spark can turn a routine afternoon into a panic. My work in chemical storage reminds me daily that these chemicals demand respect, not just routine safety checklists scrawled on a wall.
Saturated monoalcohols often ignite at lower temperatures than most folks expect. Airborne vapors collect near floors, creeping quietly away from open containers. Breathing these fumes leads to headaches and worse if left unchecked. Eyes, skin, and lungs feel the brunt of spills and splashes. These chemicals don’t show mercy, but they do play by predictable rules if handled with care. Years ago, I watched a coworker leave a cap loose; the room filled with fumes, and we learned the value of airtight closures on the fly.
Keeping saturated monoalcohols safe starts before the first bottle shows up. Metal shelves may corrode from leaks, and wood absorbs spills, so both cause more harm than good over time. Heavy plastic or epoxy-coated cabinets resist both the spills and the fumes. Every container sits upright and sealed tight, preferably with childproof or tamper-evident caps. Large containers live on low shelves to keep gravity on your side if one slips. I’ve picked glass shards out of a pool of methanol before—nobody should repeat that mistake. So, invest in containers built to survive drops and bumps.
Storing these chemicals away from heat runs deeper than just avoiding radiators or sunlit windows. A cool, well-ventilated room staves off fume buildup and lowers the risk of fire. Exhaust fans help move vapors out and bring fresh air in. Over the years, I’ve found that rooms with continuous airflow don’t collect that sharp alcohol tang, leaving lungs safer and workers more comfortable. Fireproof cabinets or explosion-proof refrigerators offer another layer of insurance for the big-ticket stocks.
Every bottle should carry a visible, legible label—no exceptions. Handwritten scrawls or faded stickers create guessing games nobody wants to play during a spill. Regular inventories keep unknown bottles from hiding in the back, where they gather dust and cause putrid surprises later. Spill kits with absorbent pads, neutralizers, and thick gloves sit close at hand. Emergency showers and eyewash stations need a clear path, free from boxes or clutter.
Goggles, face shields, nitrile gloves, and lab coats form a barrier stronger than any wishful thinking. Folks new to the job need hands-on practice. Watching someone else handle a spill or fire extinguisher beats reading about it. Training should cover the nature of the chemicals, first aid, and evacuation plans. My own confidence comes from muscle memory—picking up spills, using respirators, and running drills until they stick.
Lax storage guarantees headaches, accidents, or worse. Solid habits around saturated monoalcohols keep workplaces healthy, neighbors safe, and insurance bills from ballooning. At the end of the day, the effort pays for itself in safety, trust, and a good night’s sleep.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Alkanols |
| Other names |
Fatty alcohols Aliphatic alcohols Long-chain alcohols |
| Pronunciation | /ˈsætʃ.ə.reɪ.tɪd mɒn.oʊˈæl.kə.hɒlz/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 68551-20-2 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1718731 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:140220 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL4308499 |
| ChemSpider | 2661 |
| DrugBank | DB01328 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03f63b12-bc29-4b09-b9ad-9aed011940c7 |
| EC Number | 01-2119475522-38-xxxx |
| Gmelin Reference | Gm. 825 |
| KEGG | C08239 |
| MeSH | D016594 |
| PubChem CID | 30823 |
| RTECS number | WK4025000 |
| UNII | Q7427V546P |
| UN number | UN1993 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | CnH2n+2O |
| Molar mass | 74.12 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear, colorless liquid |
| Odor | characteristic |
| Density | 800 kg/m3 |
| Solubility in water | insoluble to slightly soluble |
| log P | 3.6 |
| Vapor pressure | 0.13 kPa (20 °C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 15.5–18.1 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 15.5–16.1 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | −0.72 × 10⁻⁶ |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.329–1.434 |
| Viscosity | 0.6 - 12.0 mPa.s |
| Dipole moment | 2.7 – 3.0 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 205.0 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | –285 kJ·mol⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -710 to -3700 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | D04AX |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS02,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H226, H315, H319, H336 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P337+P313, P370+P378, P403+P235, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-3-0 |
| Flash point | Flash point: 95°C |
| Autoignition temperature | 340–440 °C |
| Explosive limits | Upper: 13% ; Lower: 1.1% |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD₅₀ oral rat 2,000 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | 2-5 g/kg |
| NIOSH | ZT2250000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | 100 ppm |
| REL (Recommended) | 1800 |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | 400 ppm |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Fatty alcohol Polyol Unsaturated alcohol |
