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Scientists started looking for ways to quantify proteins in complex mixtures nearly a century ago. In the trek through biochemical research, the spotlight eventually found 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid — what many of us refer to as picrylsulfonic acid. Years of experimentation led to its adoption as a staple in laboratories, mostly because it reacts reliably with primary amines, offering a simple colorimetric readout. Back before high-throughput sequencing and automated analyzers, the world ran on clever chemistry. The Gornall biuret test and Lowry assays ruled the scene, but picrylsulfonic acid, with roots in early dye chemistry and explosives, proved just as valuable. The protocol found a home in labs that didn’t have endless budgets or access to advanced instrumentation. Chemical companies started making ready-to-use solutions in the 5% W/V range, just as protein chemistry courses entered most undergraduate curriculums. The test’s impact stretches beyond education; it forged a new path for quantifying protein, studying cell surfaces, and screening for novel amines in clinical and research settings.
If you’ve got a bottle labeled “Picrylsulfonic Acid Solution (5% W/V),” you’re looking at a watery, yellow-orange chemical soup. Its strong color grabs attention—nobody in the lab mistakes it for water. Chemists carry out the mixing under the hood, since this stuff packs a punch both chemically and physically. The 5% W/V tells a straightforward story: 5 grams dissolved per 100 milliliters total volume, using deionized water. Vendors deliver the solution in amber glass bottles, not for looks but to slow down breakdown by stray light. The label usually includes hazard statements, a chemical formula — C6H2(NO2)3SO3H — and safety codes familiar to anyone who’s worked with caustic or explosive substances. An expiration date guides shelf life, which shouldn’t be ignored. Over time, the material loses reactivity; trusting an old bottle can blow your next experiment.
Picrylsulfonic acid isn’t gentle. On the bench, it appears as a deeply saturated yellow to yellow-orange liquid, with a distinct, pungent odor that leaves no doubt about the presence of sulfonic groups. Drop a small amount onto a white tissue and you’ll see the unmistakable color. The solution is acidic, eating away at ungloved skin and creating heat on contact with bases and reducing agents. Its solubility in water makes it easy to work with in aqueous reactions, which isn’t common for many other trinitroaromatic compounds. It breaks down slowly over weeks if left in sunlight, with the nitro groups sometimes giving off nitrogen oxides. Storage needs cool, dark, and dry conditions, or the solution loses both color and bite. The molecular weight, boiling and melting points rarely concern bench chemists, but keeping the bottle sealed tight matters for anyone who cares about data quality.
Open a delivered bottle, and you’ll likely find all necessary info printed both on the bottle itself and on the accompanying safety data sheet. Technical specs include purity percentages, solution concentration, and batch-specific data. Labels mention signal words like “Danger,” emphasize the importance of personal protective gear, and describe possible first aid steps in case of eye or skin contact. Safety data extends to recommended storage temperatures — above freezing, below 25°C. In my experience, unless you mark the preparation date and log use in a notebook, you’ll find yourself squinting at faded dates and making a call about solution viability on instinct alone. Some vendors include QR codes linking to digital MSDS files for the digitally inclined, a welcome step. If your project needs precise concentrations, double-check the fill volume; minor manufacturing shifts can mean the difference between a crisp colorimetric reading and a meaningless haze on your plate.
Those making the solution from scratch learn quickly that you must work under a fume hood, shielded behind a sash, gloved and with goggles in place. Dissolve 5 grams of solid picrylsulfonic acid into 100 ml of distilled water, careful to add the acid slowly to avoid splashing and exothermic surprises. Stirring with a magnetic bar keeps things smooth, but never force a stubborn solid with a glass rod — it’s explosive when dry. Filter the mixture only if visible particulates float around; these sometimes result from transport jostling or humidity creeping in. Pour finished solution into amber bottles, never clear glass, and label without delay. Too many times I’ve seen hastily made, poorly labeled bottles confuse students, risking both experiment and safety. Spill management means keeping sodium bicarbonate or an appropriate neutralizer on hand, as acids and bases don’t forgive carelessness.
Picrylsulfonic acid’s power lives in its nitro groups that pull electrons away, making the sulfonic acid moiety hyperreactive to nucleophiles like primary amines. The test works by forming a covalent bond with the free amino groups, yielding a bright yellow-orange adduct whose absorbance gets measured spectrophotometrically, usually at 335 nm. Tweak the reaction conditions — temperature, pH, or excess reagent — and you see changes in color intensity. I remember a time in graduate school when adding too much acid erased my signal, teaching me that more isn’t always better. This reactivity enables the detection of cell surface amino groups, protein lysine mapping, and occasionally quantitative crosslinking or peptide fingerprinting. Some laboratories experiment with modified analogs, such as methylated or halogenated derivatives, to boost selectivity or stability, yet the parent compound holds onto its popularity for its reliability and robust chemistry.
Anyone buying or searching for technical data might encounter various names: 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, TNBS, or picrylsulfonic acid. Catalog numbers differ across suppliers — Sigma-Aldrich, Thermo Fisher, and VWR — but all circle back to the same trinitroaromatic framework. Synonyms in published protocols sometimes use old-fashioned naming like E.E.C. No. E128 or trade names rooted in dye chemistry. For regulatory paperwork, most labs stick with TNBS or picrylsulfonic acid, though imports occasionally bear labels in French, German, or Japanese. If prepping for international collaboration, double-check you’re talking about the same compound; confusion over synonyms almost cost my group a valuable shipment during a multi-site trial.
Handling TNBS demands respect. The substance harbors potent oxidizing and explosive risk, ticking both “corrosive” and “toxic” boxes on safety sheets. Direct skin contact can cause severe burns; inhaling dust or vapors inflames mucous membranes almost instantly. Everyone should wear gloves, lab coats, and goggles — not negotiable, even for the seasoned chemist. Since the nitro groups render it shock-sensitive when dry, storage and transfer methods require special care. I’ve seen broken bottles and evacuated labs after careless technicians ignored the “keep damp” warning. Only mix in portions needed for short-term use; leftovers tempt careless storage and dangerous decomposition. Fire response plans must include Class D extinguishers, as this compound doesn’t play nicely with water during combustion. Routine training for new lab members on chemical-specific risks and proper waste disposal should not get skipped, yet I still meet students surprised by the sharp, acrid whiff escaping the bottle.
This yellow solution holds its ground in protein determination, cell biology, immunology, and even industrial quality control. The classic application remains the quantification of primary amines in protein samples; it turns the usually invisible concentration of lysine or cell-surface groups into quantifiable color. Flow cytometry setups and immunoassay design benefit from the clear, strong signal TNBS produces. Clinicians explored TNBS as a lead indicator of intestinal permeability, forming the backbone of inflammation research in animal models. Industrial water testing uses it for detecting amino pollutants downstream from factories, while schools rely on it for teaching basic analytical chemistry. In my own work on allergenicity, TNBS-based protocols let us map out exposed amino groups, making it easier to compare processed versus native food proteins. Some companies even use TNBS in developing adhesives and polymers, exploiting the strong covalent bonds formed with target amines.
Research around picrylsulfonic acid hasn’t stood still. Newer R&D projects look for ways to make detection faster, safer, and less prone to interference. Developments in microfluidic systems saw tiny droplets of TNBS solution react with peptides in rapid-fire, automated cycles. Researchers in pharmaceutical chemistry explore TNBS for site-specific peptide modification and drug conjugation — quick reactivity, stable linkage, and direct downstream analysis. Analytical chemists continue to balance the need for sensitivity against the risks of false positives from non-specific primary amines. I’ve seen innovation in side-chain protecting groups, creating derivatives of the acid that only react in certain environments, widening its use in organic synthesis or bioconjugation. Advances in packaging and formulation — like dropper tubes or pre-filled cuvettes — make it safer to deploy outside classic lab settings, showing that even a compound born in the dye industry can reinvent itself for modern needs.
Toxicity always sits front-of-mind for anyone dipping into the TNBS bottle. Animal studies report that direct application to skin or mucous tissue causes rapid irritation, necrosis, and systemic toxicity, largely driven by the nitroaromatic core. Chronic exposure leads to allergic sensitization, so repeated contact isn’t just dangerous, it’s potentially disabling. Inhalation of vapors, although unlikely at 5% W/V, triggers coughing, headaches, and—at high enough levels—systemic organ damage. Disposal into drains contaminates waterways, harming aquatic life. Research into breakdown products raised flags too, since nitrobenzenes often give rise to mutagenic or carcinogenic byproducts. Environmental health and safety teams spend as much time auditing TNBS use as they do with cyanide or heavy metals. Personal anecdotes remind me that careless use invites regulation; one university temporarily banned TNBS after several mishandled spills led to hazardous waste violations. Everyone benefits from discipline and respect for the stuff.
Picrylsulfonic acid won’t fade away any time soon. Trends push toward automation, smaller reaction volumes, and eco-friendly practices. Chemists probe ways to recycle or detoxify reaction mixtures. Biotech startups look at TNBS analogs for tagging biomolecules in living cells, engineering selectivity through structure-activity tweaks. Environmental watchdogs try to nudge manufacturers toward less hazardous detection methods, but no replacement matches TNBS for speed and reliability in the classroom. Artificial intelligence even gets in on the action — algorithms predict reaction outcomes, optimize calibration curves, and catch result anomalies. In the right hands, picrylsulfonic acid’s ability to reveal the hidden world of proteins keeps it relevant; continued training and innovation could push it into even safer, smarter, and broader applications tomorrow. From allergen science to water monitoring and pharmaceutical design, that yellow solution teaches the next generation of researchers what it means to see the invisible, with all the risks and rewards chemistry brings.
Many scientists know that measuring proteins brings its own set of challenges. Accurate readings can shape the outcome of entire experiments. Picrylsulfonic acid solution, sometimes called TNBS solution, plays a key role here. As someone who spent hours at the bench comparing protein quantification methods, I can say that few reagents come with such immediate, reliable color change. This stuff acts fast—mix it with amines (the building blocks found in most proteins) and you get a yellow-orange color almost every time, giving a clear result in minutes.
The main use of picrylsulfonic acid solution focuses on detecting free amino groups. These groups sit at the center of many biochemical reactions. You add TNBS to your sample, let it react, and measure the color change using a spectrophotometer. The strength of the yellow color tells you how many amino groups stand in your sample. I remember using this in collagen cross-linking studies, where every small difference could reshape our understanding of tissue strength. Without a precise, sensitive method like TNBS, smaller changes in protein structure simply slip by unnoticed.
Talking about chemical safety isn’t something people always want to hear, but TNBS brings real risks. This reagent can trigger allergic reactions and fires if handled without care. I wore two pairs of gloves when working with it, after seeing a friend’s hand react with bright redness and swelling. Labs using TNBS must dedicate serious attention to ventilation and personal protective gear. Chemical supply companies flag it as hazardous for a good reason.
Picrylsulfonic acid solution helps immunologists as well. The compound features in delayed-type hypersensitivity tests, a common way to measure how the immune system responds to threats. By injecting a tiny amount under the skin of lab animals, researchers watch how much swelling follows. The response acts as a proxy for immune strength—no swelling means weak immunity, heavy swelling means the cells respond energetically. Having reliable readouts in this context gives researchers confidence, whether they’re testing new drugs or understanding the way allergies develop.
Researchers in food and pharmaceuticals also care about free amino groups. They turn to TNBS to make sure each batch matches strict quality standards. A slight spike in amino group content may signal a spoilage problem or a botched production run. Having worked on QC projects, I learned that missing just one faulty batch could put a whole supply chain at risk. The picrylsulfonic acid solution method offers clarity and consistency that reduces these dangers.
While TNBS works well, safer or more environmentally friendly methods always appeal to folks in the lab. Enzymatic assays and alternative colorimetric kits slowly gain ground. New solutions need to match TNBS in reliability and simplicity, without the health risks. Sharing best practices, investing in new kit technology, and running regular training sessions help keep staff safe and science on course. As research keeps evolving, choosing chemical tools that balance sensitivity, safety, and convenience drives progress and protects people.
Picrylsulfonic acid solution is no ordinary chemical. As someone who has spent time in labs, it’s clear that ignoring storage rules with this stuff often leads to bad news. This is a strong oxidizer and highly reactive. Even a minor mistake—some direct sunlight or a forgotten refrigerator shelf—can put safety and research accuracy at risk. More alarming than a ruined experiment, poor storage raises real dangers for anyone working nearby.
Picrylsulfonic acid solution isn’t fond of temperature swings. Leaving this solution at room temperature, especially during hot summer days, invites decomposition. Cold storage proves essential: keep the solution in a refrigerator, ideally between 2 and 8°C. Don’t freeze it, as crystal formation can damage the solution’s integrity and make it hard to redissolve. Darkness also protects it—picrylsulfonic acid doesn’t handle light very well. Use amber bottles or wrap containers with aluminum foil to cut down on unnecessary exposure.
Glass shines as the storage hero here. Some plastics react unpredictably or gradually leach contaminants, distorting test results and impacting safety. Tight lids matter too, since fumes should never escape. A minor spill or evaporating fumes lead to both fire risk and inhalation hazards. Store the bottle upright, never lying on its side, to avoid leaks. On busy days, labeling specifics—date opened, concentration, hazard details—actually saves lives in the long run. Unlabeled solutions create confusion and risk, especially during busy lab shifts or in shared storage.
Picrylsulfonic acid deserves respect in every lab and prep room. Don’t stash it on open shelves or near sources of heat and flame. I’ve seen one too many “close calls” when a highly reactive chemical sat next to an unattended hotplate. Instead, tuck it away in a flame-resistant chemical storage cabinet. Avoiding crowded cabinets also makes it faster to grab in an emergency and lowers the risk of accidental mixing with incompatible substances.
Spill kits and eye wash stations must stay within easy reach. Emergency procedures posted clearly on storage cabinets or lab doors keep everyone prepared. An overlooked detail: regularly check expiration dates and appearance. If the solution turns cloudy, or if you spot a crust on the rim, dispose of it the right way—never down the drain. Contact your hazardous waste vendor for pick-up.
Rules around hazardous chemicals aren’t about bureaucracy, but real consequences. OSHA, local fire codes, and institutional safety officers each have guidelines that matter with picrylsulfonic acid. Labs should update safety data sheets and review chemical inventories each semester or project cycle. Training new staff and students isn’t just box-ticking—hands-on refreshers help spot storage mistakes before they become emergencies.
Finally, the right disposal steps protect our water and soil. Don’t let chemicals like picrylsulfonic acid enter regular waste streams. Responsible storage goes hand-in-hand with disposal—both are part of true stewardship in science and industry. Strong habits here protect people, data, and the environment for the long haul.
Picrylsulfonic acid solution, often spotted in protein research labs, works as a staple for quantifying amino groups. Its bright yellow label sends a warning straight from the bottle. Anyone who has worked in a chemistry or biochemistry lab probably feels a little extra nervous with bottles stamped with hazard signs, and for good reason. Picrylsulfonic acid belongs to a chemical family with a reputation for being tricky to handle. In small, cold, controlled settings, it won’t explode, but mistakes see the risks grow fast.
Many folks ask about toxicity, but sometimes the immediate hazard isn’t about chronic harm — it’s about what happens today, in an accident. Picrylsulfonic acid starts out as a strong oxidizer, which puts it on the same shelf as other explosion-prone chemicals. Combine it with organic materials, let it dry out, or forget the right storage, and you have a recipe for a real emergency. In my own graduate lab years, every training session brought up organic nitrates and how one slip with storage could mean a blown shelf. People have lost fingers to compounds similar to this.
Spill some on your skin, and you won’t forget. This solution can eat through gloves that aren’t chemical-resistant, causing fast, painful burns. The acid stings more than just the skin. Eyes exposed to even a drop risk permanent damage, which puts protective eyewear at the top of the checklist. Breathing in the dust or vapor shouldn’t even be considered. The respiratory tract isn’t built for acid vapors; irritation, burns, or worse can follow.
Beyond the bench, improper disposal brings trouble down the drain. Picrylsulfonic acid pollutes water bodies and kills aquatic life at low concentrations. Regulations across North America and Europe draw a clear line here: this chemical belongs in a hazardous waste container, not rinsed down a lab sink. In busy labs, forgetfulness often happens after a late-night experiment or when someone’s rushing, yet wastewater safety needs just as much discipline. You don’t need a massive spill for environmental damage. For years, news stories have shown how even small-scale chemical dumping hurts local ecosystems, poisons the food chain, and puts people at risk.
You can keep the risks manageable with strict protocols. Every new person in a lab should get more than a cursory hazmat briefing. The memory of seeing a student hurriedly toss contaminated gloves into a regular trash bin still sticks with me; it only takes a moment of carelessness for contamination to spread. The use of nitrile gloves, splash-proof goggles, lab coats, and face shields isn’t paranoia. It’s basic self-preservation. Chemical fume hoods often save people from invisible dangers, catching vapors before they enter the lungs.
Emergency showers and eyewash stations should stay clear and working, not blocked by boxes. Spills need immediate, informed action, not a hasty wipe-up. If a chemical like picrylsulfonic acid leaves the bottle, a spill kit should follow close behind. That kit should include absorbents and neutralizers rated for acids and oxidizers, not general problems.
Disposal becomes a community responsibility. Mixing acid waste with organics makes things riskier for everyone, from researchers to waste facility staff. Everyone handling this compound should know the proper procedure for labeling, storing, and transporting hazardous waste containers.
Picrylsulfonic acid holds its place in labs for good scientific reasons, but its track record of hazards remains clear. Keeping people and the environment safe starts with treating every bottle as a potential threat. Strong routines, respect for chemical power, and a habit of double-checking safety procedures give everyone more peace of mind and less risk of disaster.
Picrylsulfonic acid solution might not be as famous as sulfuric acid or bleach, but it definitely earns respect in any lab that stocks it. The stuff stains skin a yellow-orange that lingers for days. It also gives off a pretty harsh chemical aroma. More importantly, it brings some real hazards — decomposing easily, producing explosive compounds and releasing nasty gases if handled carelessly. That’s not the kind of chemical anyone wants on their shoes or in their workspace. I learned early on that even a few drops can startle newcomers and demand quick, careful action.
As soon as a spill happens, it grabs everyone’s attention. Ignore any urge to jump right in with bare hands or a paper towel. My first reaction, shaped by honest mistakes and good mentors, involves telling everyone nearby. Nobody should breathe in more than they have to, and it doesn’t take much to clear out people from a spill area. Even a single whiff can leave you coughing.
Next comes gear: splash goggles, thick nitrile gloves and a long-sleeved lab coat — not the hospital, short-sleeved kind that leaves skin unprotected. Anyone trying to clean up a chemical spill skips cotton and sandals. A friend had his laces eaten through once, and that memory still sticks with me.
Spills — large or small — spread faster than most folks expect. Vermiculite, sand, or a compatible commercial absorbent works best. I’ve seen someone try regular sawdust, but that just made more mess. Scoop, don’t sweep. Use plastic implements, never metal. Metal can trigger reactions with strong oxidizers or acids. Smother the acid gently with the absorbent, working from the edges inward, like icing a cake from the outside.
Pick up the soaked material with a sturdy plastic scoop and put everything in a labeled, sealable container. No exceptions for “just a little”. This solution can still spark a fire if it dries or reacts with the trash. Triple-check that the container closes up tight. The waste goes to hazardous collection — straight into the special bin, not a regular trash can.
Most chemical fumes clear with a window cracked, but picrylsulfonic acid needs real ventilation — a chemical fume hood if available. I’ve seen teams use small, portable fans pointed out a window to push lingering vapors outdoors. Real exposure risk drops with proper air flow, but don’t rely on a single air freshener or hope. Wash the area with plenty of water and detergent. Rinse. Repeat. I always go over it twice, even if the stain fades fast.
No matter how careful you are, a splash sometimes finds a wrist or the seam of a glove. Anyone touched by the solution needs to rinse immediately with water for at least 15 minutes. Stains stick, but lingering acid bites deeper. Clothing that took a hit goes straight into a designated, labeled hazardous bag for disposal or special cleaning. No tossing it in with other laundry.
Spills of picrylsulfonic acid teach sharp lessons. Safety training does more than tick a box; regular drills remind people that rushing leads to burns and evacuation drills. Chemical fume hoods, spill kits stocked with the right gear, and clear signs aren’t for show. Every lab using this solution should review their protocol, and new folks should watch a spill drill at least once.
Everyone can learn to handle chemical spills with the right mindset and clear instructions. Giving attention to training, keeping personal protective gear close, and setting up spill kits in the open builds a real sense of teamwork. Years in the lab show me that mistakes happen, but strong habits prevent disasters.
Working in a research lab for years has shown me that the “use by” date on a bottle means a lot more than just ticking off another box for regulatory compliance. A chemical’s shelf life touches safety, data accuracy, and budgets. Picrylsulfonic Acid Solution at 5% W/V pops up in many protein and amino acid assays, so if stability slides, your entire batch of results can wind up in the trash. Even a slight change in the chemical’s activity could throw off months of work, wasting both time and money.
Label instructions don’t exist for doctors and auditors—they’re there for us. For Picrylsulfonic Acid Solution, manufacturers typically recommend a shelf life of around 12-24 months at room temperature, sealed and away from light. I always check specific product literature since lots can differ. If a product sits on the shelf past the provided date, the risk isn’t just reduced effectiveness, it’s also unexpected reactions and degraded safety profiles.
In my experience, Picrylsulfonic Acid can break down, especially if storage slips up. Heat, light, and moisture attack this solution. Over time, the acid goes from pale yellow to a brownish tint, which signals trouble. Decomposition can lead to unpredictable hazards, given the energetic nature of picryl compounds. I’ve seen supposedly “just fine” bottles fizz or pop their seals—nobody wants that in a busy workspace.
A lot of folks trust the “best before” date, but smart labs run their own QC checks. Studies have shown picrylsulfonic acid’s breakdown at room temperature ramps up past the one-year mark, losing measurable activity. A team at a university lab reported that a solution lost more than 10% activity six months past its expiration. In regulated settings, you’d have to toss it after those findings, and for good reason. Out-of-spec chemical means unreliable results, and repeating an entire study isn’t a luxury most of us have.
Every bottle that sits on the lab shelf takes a daily beating from possible sunlight and temperature swings. The solution stays stable longest in a cool, dark place, away from air and humidity. I always keep stocks tightly closed and in their original amber containers. It’s worth investing in temperature-logging where important work is involved—small data loggers cost less than a single failed experiment.
With dangerous or picky chemicals, extending use past the printed expiration makes little sense. Even if nobody ever actually saw the chemical “fail,” any incident involving decomposition or lost potency can expose lab workers to SERIOUS risks. It’s not just about paperwork—it’s about real-world health and safety. I always advocate scheduled checks and keeping an updated inventory with “first-in, first-out” tracking. This habit cuts down on expired material and spots trouble before it starts.
Maintaining strict control over chemical expiration dates speaks volumes about a lab’s safety culture and professionalism. Reliable research rests on reproducible results. When every team member respects shelf life and storage guidance, you don’t just protect your science—you protect your people.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid |
| Other names |
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid solution TNBS solution |
| Pronunciation | /paɪˈkrɪl.sʌlˈfɒn.ɪk ˈæs.ɪd səˈluː.ʃən/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 2508-19-2 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | `3D model (JSmol) string`: `C1=CC(=CC=C1[N+](=O)[O-])[S](=O)(=O)O` |
| Beilstein Reference | 3589533 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:38773 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL64992 |
| ChemSpider | 22206 |
| DrugBank | DB14193 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03e5d771-13a3-4fc3-9702-a0dbe142b1a7 |
| EC Number | 401-210-5 |
| Gmelin Reference | 715686 |
| KEGG | C19104 |
| MeSH | Sulfonic Acids |
| PubChem CID | 6579 |
| RTECS number | XN6476000 |
| UNII | W80139UQ3A |
| UN number | UN3263 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID7086466 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C6H2(NO2)3SO3H |
| Molar mass | 334.20 g/mol |
| Appearance | Yellow-orange solution |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.1 g/mL at 25 °C |
| Solubility in water | Soluble in water |
| log P | “-2.1” |
| Acidity (pKa) | -2.2 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 11.9 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -8.0E-6 cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.333 |
| Viscosity | Viscous liquid |
| Dipole moment | 0 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -1487 kJ mol⁻¹ |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | D08AX |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. May cause an allergic skin reaction. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS05, GHS06 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS06 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H226, H302, H314, H317, H334, H336 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P261, P264, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P337+P313, P370+P378, P403+P235, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 3-4-2-W |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 Oral - rat - 1,415 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Oral rat LD50: 25 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | WF4950000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 0.1 mg/m³ |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | Unknown |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Picric acid Sulfanilic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Nitrated aromatic compounds 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol Benzenesulfonic acid |
