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Product Name: Paraquat Dichloride Hydrate
Chemical Formula: C12H14Cl2N2·xH2O
Synonyms: Paraquat, 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride hydrate
CAS Number: 2074-50-2
Intended Use: Herbicide for the control of broadleaf weeds and grasses
Manufacturer: Refer to commercial supplier
Emergency Telephone: Local poison control center or emergency number associated with agricultural chemicals
Address: Information aligns with the supplier’s origin
Hazard Class: Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), skin and eye irritant, environmental hazard
Signal Word: Danger
Hazard Statements: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact; severe respiratory distress and multi-organ failure possible; serious eye and skin damage possible; may be fatal if swallowed; very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects
Pictograms: Skull and Crossbones, Exclamation Mark, Environment, Corrosion
Precautionary Statements: Avoid all contact with skin, eyes, and clothing; do not eat, drink, or smoke when using this product; keep away from food, feedstuffs, and water sources; wear suitable protective equipment at all times
Chemical Name: 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride hydrate (Paraquat dichloride hydrate)
Concentration: Technical grade varies but commonly above 97% active ingredient
Other Components: Inert ingredients or water for hydrate formation; specific percentages based on product formulation
Impurities: May contain trace levels of contaminants from synthesis, monitoring required for diquat or other related bipyridinium compounds
Hazardous Ingredients: Primary constituent responsible for toxicological and ecological effects
Inhalation: Move to fresh air; keep airway open; provide oxygen if breathing is difficult; immediate medical attention essential
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing swiftly; rinse skin thoroughly with running water and soap for at least 15 minutes; seek emergency medical care
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes carefully with water for at least 15 minutes, retract eyelids frequently; urgent medical evaluation is crucial
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting; rinse mouth thoroughly; administer activated charcoal if instructed by a poison center or doctor; obtain medical help as soon as possible
Note to Physicians: Absorption continues over hours; treat with full supportive measures, monitor for renal and pulmonary impairment, consider hemoperfusion if available
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam; avoid direct jet of water
Specific Hazards: May emit toxic fumes containing nitrogen oxides, chlorine compounds, and carbon oxides upon thermal decomposition
Protective Equipment: Full protective gear including self-contained breathing apparatus required for fire fighting
Special Procedures: Cool adjacent containers with water spray to prevent rupture; prevent runoff from entering drains or watercourses
Personal Precautions: Isolate spill area immediately; wear chemically resistant gloves, protective clothing, goggles, and a NIOSH-certified respirator
Environmental Precautions: Do not allow release into sewers, surface water, or soil; spills pose a significant threat to aquatic organisms
Spill Response: Scoop up material into suitable containers; absorb residues with sand or inert material; dispose of in line with local regulations
Decontamination: Area should be washed thoroughly with solution of potassium permanganate or sodium hypochlorite, observing all safety precautions
Handling: Only trained and authorized personnel should handle; adequate ventilation required; avoid formation of dust, aerosols, or vapors; no eating, drinking, or smoking where product is handled
Storage: Store in tightly closed, clearly labeled containers away from incompatible materials, food, feed, and drinking water; protected from direct sunlight and moisture; keep out of reach of children and animals
Recommended Materials for Storage: Containers made from HDPE, glass, or other compatible chemical-resistant materials
Other Precautions: Inspect storage regularly for damage or leaks; maintain appropriate signage and emergency washing facilities close by
Exposure Limits: ACGIH TLV 0.5 mg/m³ (TWA) as paraquat ion
Engineering Controls: Local exhaust ventilation, closed system applications, safety showers, and eyewash stations must be available
Personal Protective Equipment: Chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile or neoprene), apron or coveralls, long sleeves, boots; face shield or safety goggles; NIOSH-approved respirator for dust or mist
Hygiene Practices: Wash hands thoroughly after handling; remove and wash contaminated clothing before reuse; do not take contaminated clothing home
Appearance: Blue-purple crystalline solid (hydrate form)
Odor: Odorless
Solubility: Highly soluble in water, virtually insoluble in most organic solvents
Melting Point: Decomposes above 300°C, does not exhibit a sharp melting point
Boiling Point: Not applicable (decomposes before boiling)
Vapor Pressure: Negligible at ambient temperature
pH: Aqueous solutions exhibit pH of 5-7
Density: Typically around 1.2-1.3 g/cm³
Other Properties: Stable under normal conditions, strong oxidizer, undergoes photodegradation
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended handling and storage conditions
Conditions to Avoid: Exposure to excessive heat, light, and incompatible materials
Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, acids, alkalis
Hazardous Decomposition: Toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides, chlorine compounds, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide
Polymerization: Will not occur under normal handling
Acute Toxicity: Extremely high; oral LD50 in humans estimated at 20-40 mg/kg; much lower for animals
Routes of Exposure: Ingestion, inhalation, skin and eye contact
Symptoms: Corrosive injury to GI tract, vomiting, abdominal pain, respiratory distress, pulmonary edema, multi-organ dysfunction
Chronic Effects: Potential for delayed lung fibrosis, renal and hepatic impairment
Carcinogenicity: Not classified according to IARC; no conclusive evidence in humans
Sensitization: Can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals
Mutagenicity: Evidence of genetic effects in some animal studies
Reproductive Toxicity: Data for reproductive toxicity is limited; avoid exposure at all stages of life
Ecotoxicity: Acute and chronic toxicity to fish, aquatic invertebrates, amphibians, and non-target plants
Persistence: Strongly adsorbed to soil particles, low mobility; environmental half-life ranges from weeks to months in soil, shorter with high sunlight
Degradation: Breakdown mainly through photolysis and microbial action, forming less toxic by-products
Bioaccumulation: Does not bioaccumulate in animals; binds strongly to sediments
Environmental Risk: Lethal to aquatic organisms at very low concentrations; improper disposal or accidental spills have led to significant ecosystem impacts worldwide
Waste Treatment: Incinerate under controlled conditions, strictly follow local and national regulations
Disposal of Containers: Rinse containers thoroughly, puncture, and dispose of through approved channels to prevent reuse; never reintroduce rinsate into waterways
Special Precautions: Do not landfill or discharge into water bodies; consult environmental authorities for approved disposal methods; always document waste transfers
UN Number: 3016
Proper Shipping Name: Bipyridylium Pesticide, Liquid, Toxic (Paraquat Dichloride), including mixtures
Transport Hazard Class: 6.1 (toxic substances)
Packing Group: II
Marine Pollutant: Yes
Recommended Labelling: Skull and Crossbones, Environmental Hazard symbol
Special Provisions: Secure containers, keep away from incompatible cargo; comply with national/international regulations for air, sea, land shipments; emergency response guide references are essential during large shipments
OSHA: Classified as hazardous; compliance with workplace safety requirements is expected
EPA: Restricted use pesticide; sales limited to certified applicators due to toxicity; FIFRA and TSCA status relevant
EU: Banned or highly restricted in most European countries; hazard labeling complies with CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
WHMIS: Classified D1A, D2B in Canada
Other Regulations: Compliance with drinking water standards and environmental discharge limitations required in several jurisdictions; ongoing review by global health and environmental agencies due to evidence of harm
