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Decades back, chemists regarded plant oils mainly as food or lamp fuel. By the early 20th century, researchers came across the potential in fatty acids, especially linoleic acid, from sources like soybean and sunflower. The chemical community often overlooked methyl esters at first, treating them as afterthoughts. Modern industry had other plans. Demand for biodegradable surfactants and renewable raw materials pushed methyl esters, including linoleic acid methyl ester, to the center of many production lines. The story here reflects an interesting shift: as society chased greener options and stricter regulations on petroleum products, what once seemed a niche substance started standing out. Soybean crushing plants, for example, began to reel off not just oil and meal but also valuable side streams like linoleic acid methyl ester, setting up entire new revenue flows that echo the broader move toward circular bioeconomy thinking.
Linoleic acid methyl ester arises from the reaction of natural linoleic acid with methanol. The process produces a transparent, light-yellow liquid that’s far from a single-use item. In my own experience, industries usually seek it for formulations where performance and biodegradability both matter. It doesn’t just slide into biodiesel blends either; you’ll spot it in lubricants, surfactants, and even some polymer applications. Continuous technical tweaks along the supply chain, from oilseed processing to chemical conversion, help keep its profile reliable for varied end users. Everyday exposure may go unnoticed, but this methyl ester enters our lives through products from agricultural chemicals to personal care formulations. The range of uses stems from a practical reality: linoleic acid is abundant in many plant-derived oils, and converting to its methyl ester form opens the door to more chemistry and industry processes.
Think of linoleic acid methyl ester as a molecule built for flexibility. With a molecular formula of C19H34O2, it sports two double bonds in its carbon chain. This arrangement grants it a low melting point, keeping it liquid at room temperature—something that suits handling and mixing in industrial settings. The ester group at the end not only helps dissolve it in organic solvents, but also shortens reaction times during manufacturing operations. It gives a faint, almost neutral odor and presents minimal color, simplifying quality control checks. In the lab, I have found its tendency to resist oxidation weaker than saturated esters, mainly because of those double bonds—a point that matters when considering shelf-life or formulation stability in products exposed to air and light. These practical properties, rather than any theoretical appeal, guide its adoption in real-world transportation, cleaning, and synthetic processes.
Whenever linoleic acid methyl ester enters the supply chain, it travels with a paper trail. Specifications often highlight purity above 95 percent, with careful detail regarding acid value, saponification index, iodine value, and moisture content. In the workplace, safety sheets flag the need for nitrile gloves and consistent ventilation, a familiar scene in any chemical warehouse. Regulations ask for proper hazard labeling, even if risks remain low compared to many solvents. The real-world challenge comes less from paperwork, more from ensuring suppliers keep quality within agreed bounds, since small variations can bring big headaches downstream, especially where formulation properties depend on consistent fatty acid profiles. The experience of troubleshooting a batch outside spec teaches respect not just for chemical purity, but for the whole quality assurance ecosystem supporting this material’s journey from seed to finished product.
Factories produce linoleic acid methyl ester using transesterification. The process uses either direct vegetable oil or isolated linoleic acid, adding methanol in the presence of a catalyst—often sodium or potassium hydroxide. Out in practice, vegetable oil producers select for triglyceride blends rich in linoleic acid, like those from sunflower or safflower, giving higher yields of the desired ester and less unwanted byproduct. Process engineers have learned that careful temperature and methanol-to-oil ratio management boost output and minimize side reactions. Repeated washing and purification steps strip glycerol, free fatty acids, and residual alkali, so the final ester meets both technical and regulatory thresholds. Years back, earlier versions of this process wasted a lot of material and required more energy. Today, advances in process optimization support both cost and environmental goals. Each plant operator feels the difference when energy bills shrink and waste drops.
That methyl group, so small by itself, gives linoleic acid methyl ester a leg up in reactivity. It plays well in further transformations—epoxidation, hydrogenation, amidation, and even polymerization. For surfactant manufacturing, converting its double bonds via epoxidation introduces reactive sites for cross-linking or attachment of hydrophilic groups. Coating engineers see modifications as a way to introduce flexibility or improve environmental friendliness of paints and varnishes. It’s not just chemists who benefit. For example, researchers exploring bio-based plasticizers look to linoleic acid methyl ester as a renewable feedstock that meets both technical and environmental requirements. Each new chemical pathway found brings this modest molecule deeper into the sustainability shift happening across materials science fields.
While researching this compound or purchasing it, users encounter a host of names: methyl linoleate, methyl cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoate, and sometimes just “FAME from linoleic acid” in industrial catalogues. Lack of standardization has caused confusion—students, lab staff, and buyers alike have struggled against ambiguous labeling or variation across literature and suppliers. Careful reading and cross-reference saves more than a few headaches, especially when switching suppliers or designing new experiments. Regulatory bodies and technical communities have nudged toward harmonized naming, but for now, vigilance remains the practical solution.
Working with linoleic acid methyl ester may not feel as fraught as handling aggressive acids or flammable solvents, but basic respect for laboratory and industrial safety matters. Splash goggles and gloves become second nature. Fortunately, evaporation remains slow, even at higher temperatures, lowering inhalation risk. Labs often rely on proper ventilation and storage away from oxidizers or ignition sources. The ester does not present a serious explosion risk but can burn and generate irritating smoke. In many facilities I have visited, training sessions focus on correct spill cleanup and disposal methods—a must not just for environmental compliance but for everyday operational trust and safety culture. Clear labeling helps newer staff avoid errors, and steady review of handling protocols pays off in smoother, cleaner production runs.
Biodiesel dominates headlines, but linoleic acid methyl ester also supports far less visible needs. Agricultural chemicals use it as a carrier or adjuvant, giving improved wetting and spreading. Paint and resin industries appreciate its role as a softener or reactive diluent, letting chemists substitute renewable content for petroleum-derived alternatives. Some specialty lubricants rely on it for lower friction and good biodegradability, especially in settings where accidental release might hit sensitive environments. Surfactant makers leverage the double bonds and ester group as jumping-off points for further modification. Even in personal care, formulations searching for non-irritating emollients and dispersants find space for methyl linoleate, although regulatory and performance hurdles sometimes restrict its use. Consumer awareness around “plant-based” or “biodegradable” labels boosts its allure, a trend that doesn’t seem to be fading.
Current research highlights new angles for using linoleic acid methyl ester, especially in advanced materials and green chemistry. Biorefinery concepts treat it not just as a final product, but as a platform for synthesis, paving the way to biopolymers, novel surfactants, and high-performance lubricants. Real progress relies on more than creative chemistry—scaling from bench to plant means tackling process bottlenecks, yield losses, and separation headaches. Realistically, labs and pilot plants still face bumps in consistent feedstock quality, especially with crops affected by climate swings or changing agricultural practices. Looking at life-cycle analysis, the ester fares well against fossil alternatives, but scaling up brings fresh questions: can supply chains handle a bigger share of industrial chemical demand? Academic papers and commercial presentations champion these advances, but the grind of process optimization and market adoption plays out less dramatically, often over years.
Decades of toxicology studies list linoleic acid methyl ester as low in acute toxicity. Oral and dermal exposures seldom lead to serious effects, and environmental data generally suggest rapid biodegradation. These points, while reassuring, do not grant carte blanche. Inhalation of mists or prolonged skin contact sometimes causes irritation, especially for workers unaccustomed to chemical handling routines. Regulatory agencies in regions like North America and Europe call for regular review of environmental impact, especially since spills can mobilize oils into waterways. Companies keep a close eye on chronic exposure data, ready to adjust protocols if fresh research points to long-term or subtle effects previously missed. Attention to safe work habits and environmental stewardship shapes real-world use just as much as technical product data.
Linoleic acid methyl ester looks set for increasing relevance in years to come. Policies pushing for bio-based industrial inputs and public appetite for planet-friendlier products both drive innovation. Companies invest in optimizing both feedstocks and conversion processes, targeting energy savings and reduced waste. R&D labs investigate new modification routes, unlocking applications in plastics, elastomers, and specialty formulations where petrochemical options held sway for decades. The transition from niche to mainstream poses challenges—feedstock variability, price swings, and the need for standardized testing can slow progress. What stays constant is industry’s motivation: using abundant, renewable, plant-sourced materials unlocks both commercial and environmental value, creating strong incentives for deeper exploration. Each step—be it a tweak to the process or a new downstream product—cements linoleic acid methyl ester as a solid, versatile choice in the growing portfolio of sustainable chemicals.
Linoleic acid methyl ester keeps showing up in places where people search for better fuel options. It’s not a stranger to those working with biodiesel, who value cleaner-burning and renewable energy sources. Many farmers know that the crops they grow—like soybeans and sunflower—can become raw material for this compound. Crushed seeds supply the oil, which then gets processed into the methyl ester version. This process lets factories make diesel that runs in regular truck engines with less soot and a smaller carbon mark. Several studies from universities in the Midwest have shown that fatty acid methyl esters like this one lower emissions of particulates and greenhouse gases compared to petroleum options.
Besides fuel, linoleic acid methyl ester steps in for old-school solvents once made from petroleum. Paint makers and cleaning product manufacturers often need something that dissolves oils, but they want less risk to workers and less harm to the air. Over time, demand has shifted toward ingredients from plants, not drills. Chemists discovered that esters from vegetable oils work well to clean up machinery or thin out a sticky chemical mix. I’ve heard stories from small business owners who switched their shop rags and degreasers to ones based on methyl esters, mostly because they wanted employees to avoid headaches from harsh fumes.
This compound also sits in the background of the personal care world. Modern lotions, sunscreens, and shampoos need materials that glide smoothly, last through a shower, or don’t leave a greasy touch. Linoleic acid from oils already helped skin feel soft; methylating the acid improves shelf life and makes mixing easier. Cosmetic chemists use the ester form to help formulas blend and stay reliable, so your shampoo doesn’t split into layers or your moisturizer doesn’t go clumpy by winter. Consumer safety groups in Europe and North America monitor the use of such fatty acid esters to make sure the levels found in these products remain safe.
Factories that process linoleic acid methyl ester often partner with farms or co-ops using sustainable growing practices. As customers ask tougher questions about where their products come from, transparency becomes more important. Knowing that this compound often starts in sunflower or soybean fields can encourage responsible farming and better treatment of land. The American Soybean Association and several European farmer groups have called for traceability and certification, so buyers know the origins of the raw oil. These types of supply chain shifts won’t solve every problem, but they do give power to folks who care about the impact of their purchases.
Wider adoption of linoleic acid methyl ester depends on market support, infrastructure upgrades, and sensible regulations. Not all diesel engines run the same on biodiesel; car manufacturers want guarantees before changing advice for drivers. Chemistry labs need more investment to compete with established petroleum processes. Community colleges and tech schools now offer classes for farm techs and plant operators on processing and quality control, strengthening the workforce for a bio-based industry. With smart policies and a focus on training, regions can use their agricultural strengths to support clean energy and green chemistry. Every switch from a fossil approach to plant-based methyl esters cuts pollution and backs workers closer to home.
Linoleic acid methyl ester jumps out in the world of chemistry and bio-based solutions. Found with the formula C19H34O2, it isn’t the random string of elements that grabs attention, but what that string reveals about our relationship with oils and sustainability. People have come to expect a lot from renewable chemicals, and this compound speaks to that hope.
Imagine cooking oil, but with a scientific twist. Linoleic acid methyl ester comes from the same fatty acids you find in vegetable oil, once chemists perform a simple methanol trick called esterification. The result? A chemical that holds value far outside the kitchen. Biodiesel production counts on it. Cosmetic manufacturers trust it to smooth, dissolve, and blend. All this, and yet the basic formula stays simple: C19H34O2.
Sustainability sounds like a buzzword until you realize what linoleic acid methyl ester has done for greener fuels. Researchers point to methyl esters because of their potential to cut down on greenhouse gases compared to petroleum diesel. At a time when cleaner solutions matter more than ever, seeing this fatty acid ester in action offers a window into what plant-based molecules can achieve.
A study in the journal Renewable Energy highlights that methyl esters like this one reduce engine emissions and keep combustion more efficient than many alternatives. For years, farmers and industry workers alike have watched as methyl esters changed the way we look at crops—not just as food, but as an engine for renewable power. Linoleic acid methyl ester, with its double bonds and long hydrocarbon tail, sits at the table with the best of them.
Every useful chemical draws attention to its drawbacks. Methyl esters from linoleic acid can oxidize faster than some competitors, thanks to those unsaturated bonds. Biodiesel users may notice this, especially in storage tanks during the warmer months. Manufacturers have hunted for ways around this, and today antioxidants and improved refining steps help, but the need to further improve stability remains a concern.
The applications don’t start and end at biofuels. Personal care companies appreciate linoleic acid methyl ester for its easy blending with other oil-based ingredients. It breaks down in the environment, checking the box for eco-friendliness. Scientists keep testing its properties for use in new therapies—everything from skin repair products to carrier oils for drugs. Medical journals echo a steady confidence that this compound holds more promise.
Enhancing oxidation stability could unlock new uses. Researchers are testing natural antioxidants, tweaking molecular structures, and improving production techniques. Companies that respond to these efforts offer better products and keep demand for sustainable feedstock strong. Consumers looking for greener chemistry benefit from the progress as much as the big manufacturers.
For anyone interested in the blend of innovation and sustainability, C19H34O2 comes with a story that connects farms, factories, labs, and everyday living. It’s one chemical, but it keeps pushing industries to think beyond old solutions.
Linoleic acid methyl ester often shows up on lists of chemical compounds as a derivative of linoleic acid, which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. The ester form comes from processing linoleic acid with methanol. This reaction turns the fatty acid into a liquid that dissolves well in different solutions. In industry, this compound finds plenty of use, especially in making biodiesel and certain lubricants. Some manufacturers have taken interest in it for other uses, but that brings up a big question about human safety.
I’ve spent years paying attention to food chemistry, nutrition labels, and ingredient sourcing, especially since seeing a family member struggle with reactions to synthetic additives. Linoleic acid itself appears in many foods and plays an important role in our diet as an essential fatty acid. Our bodies can’t make it, but we need it for skin health and cell function. Without enough, symptoms like scaly skin and poor wound healing can show up. Most people eat plenty through common oils such as sunflower, safflower, and corn oil.
The methyl ester of linoleic acid, though, isn’t naturally present in the foods we eat. The process of creating esters adds methanol (wood alcohol) to the mix, which raises questions. Industrial methyl esters, including linoleic acid methyl ester, usually target non-food uses. The American Oil Chemists’ Society and FDA have guidelines on food additives and processing aids, but linoleic acid methyl ester hasn’t been approved or recommended for direct human consumption. This isn’t because of evidence that it’s dangerous, but because no one has submitted it for that kind of safety review. Some animal studies explored the toxicity and metabolic fate of methyl esters, showing that small doses don’t cause acute poisoning, but data on chronic exposure and metabolic effects in people simply isn’t available.
People sometimes overlook how processing changes substances. Naturally occurring linoleic acid proves essential, but converting it into a methyl ester changes how our bodies might handle it. A report published in the journal “Food and Chemical Toxicology” (2017) found that while methyl esters of fatty acids can break down into the original acids in lab tests, this isn’t true in all environments or for all ester compounds. Inhalation or skin contact with methyl esters brought mixed results in workplace safety reviews, but ingestion as a food ingredient never came up, reflecting the lack of safety data.
The fact is, adding a new chemical—even one with a familiar name like linoleic acid methyl ester—requires rigorous evaluation by bodies like the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) or the FDA. I’ve seen how such reviews prompt companies to look at acute toxicity, breakdown products, possible allergic responses, and the risk from impurities that sometimes remain after production. Without studies designed for food or supplement use, no organization with expertise in public health and toxicology has given linoleic acid methyl ester the green light.
If there’s a need to explore linoleic acid methyl ester for human use, researchers and manufacturers should start with in-depth studies on its breakdown in the gut, its effect on the liver, and its toxicity profile. Support for any human application requires real clinical research, not just data from animals or basic chemistry. For now, the safe route involves relying on linoleic acid from natural food sources and sticking to approved supplements. Anyone who sees an unfamiliar term on an ingredient list or supplement bottle should look it up, stick to trusted sources, and talk to a healthcare provider before trying something new.
Trust in what ends up on our tables and in our bodies depends on good science, clear regulations, and open communication. Before giving a green light to linoleic acid methyl ester for people, we need clear answers and strong safety evidence—the kind that comes from well-designed research and honest review. Until then, the best fuel for our bodies comes from nature, with careful attention to new developments in food science.
Linoleic Acid Methyl Ester often shows up in laboratories, chemical plants, and research settings. It acts as an intermediate for surfactants, a solvent, or even a base material for biolubricants. Companies count on its stable composition to keep their processes running smoothly. Yet, if the storage isn’t spot on, you’ll run into degraded product, lost money, and even safety risks. People rarely talk about storage details in the rush to keep up productivity, but keeping this methyl ester fresh and reliable demands attention and real-world discipline that can’t be skipped.
Linoleic Acid Methyl Ester tends to break down faster when left in warm, uncontrolled spaces. Research and practical experience both show that room temperature doesn't always cut it, especially through a hot summer. Storage below 25°C prevents the stuff from turning rancid. I’ve worked with plant managers who swear by keeping drums in climate-controlled warehouses—not on the loading dock—for this reason. Freezing doesn't help either, since crystal formation can damage the chemical structure, so cold but not freezing does best.
Even a brief bit of sunlight accelerates oxidation in this material, leaving you with byproducts you never wanted. Dark containers keep trouble at bay, and anyone who’s ever opened a sun-faded jug knows that off-smell means you wasted your money. Besides using opaque containers, limiting air space in storage vessels slows down the breakdown from oxygen. Nitrogen blanketing gives one of the best protections, especially for bulk tanks sitting for more than a couple weeks. I once saw a whole pallet become useless because someone left totes open; nobody made that mistake twice.
Moisture and dirt can both sneak in faster than people realize. Linoleic Acid Methyl Ester draws in water if not sealed tightly, which then encourages more unwanted reactions. Steel drums with good seals beat polyethylene tubs with snapping lids, since tiny leaks can add up. Regular cleaning and inspections matter more than fancy storage systems. I’ve watched crews cut corners here, only for the final product to fail tests weeks later. Simple habits—clean gear, closed containers, regular checks—save everyone headaches.
Linoleic Acid Methyl Ester isn’t the most dangerous chemical on the block, but it isn't harmless. Gloves and goggles count as standard gear; even a small splash stings or irritates. Chemical-resistant shelving and storage racks keep containers intact and upright. Old drums prone to rusting or leaking need to be taken out before a small problem turns into a major clean-up job. Good labeling—clear, bold, current—helps everyone spot issues before they become disasters.
Companies often handle hundreds of gallons at a time, so minor mistakes can add up quick. Centralized tracking, tougher inventory audits, and periodic training go far. Automated monitoring keeps real-time eyes on temperature and humidity. My best storage setups always included both old-school walk-throughs and up-to-date digital logs. A culture where workers speak up about problems rather than hiding them keeps the chemical and everyone around it safe.
Linoleic Acid Methyl Ester doesn’t forgive sloppy habits. Careless storage leads to lost product and more safety headaches later. Good temperature control, keeping out light and air, regular checks, and attentive handling all build trust in the quality of anything made with it. Those habits pay off every single time.
Linoleic acid methyl ester pops up in products that seem totally unrelated: biodiesel, skincare, lubricants, and even as an intermediate in synthetic chemistry. It owes that versatility to linoleic acid’s origins. Squeezed from seeds like sunflower or soybean, linoleic acid starts out as a big part of common vegetable oils. But to really harness its potential, especially for engines and industrial processes, that fatty acid needs a little tweak. That’s where methyl esters step up.
I’ve spent plenty of time in small labs and seen the magic—and mess—of making esters. In plain language, you take linoleic acid and swap out the acid’s “OH” with a methyl group, usually from methanol. Chemists call this esterification. It's hands-on work involving heat, stirring, and the right catalyst. Sulfuric acid jumps to mind as the go-to choice, since it pushes the reaction forward and doesn’t cost much.
So what really happens? Pour your linoleic acid and methanol into a reactor. Add a little sulfuric acid, and get that mixture moving. Let it heat up, but keep a close eye—reaction temperature changes things, and too much heat or water messes with purity. As the mixture reacts, you get a blend of methyl esters, with linoleic acid methyl ester making up a prominent portion if you started with a rich enough oil. A lot of folks skip the fancier catalysts in real-world settings, because cost makes a difference when you're running big tanks instead of glassware.
This process goes far beyond the four walls of a lab. Farmers and plants make the raw materials, but making methyl esters pulls in chemical know-how and industrial scale-up. Most people don’t think about the link between seed oil and renewable diesel, but converting linoleic acid to its methyl ester form turns a salad dressing ingredient into something you could run a truck on. Countries looking to reduce dependence on fossil fuels often point to biodiesel—and this very process—as a key part of their plan.
There’s more at stake, though, than just energy. If that esterification isn’t done right, leftover acid or water can gum up engines or tanks. I've seen whole batches scrapped because someone skimped on a purification step, and the customer came back with a gummed-up diesel filter. Simple steps like washing with water, then drying, take out the worst impurities. Small changes here end up saving big money later.
Chemists and engineers keep pushing for friendlier catalysts and lower waste. Wastewater collection and recycling becomes more pressing as production scales up. While some labs chase after solid acid catalysts to drop the need for corrosive sulfuric acid, others try to recover methanol to keep costs and emissions down. These tweaks may seem small, but in practice, they set apart the outfits that run clean and keep ahead of regulations from those that flounder.
Giving more attention to process safety, transparency in sourcing, and clear reporting lines up with what bigger buyers demand. Experienced workers know: shortcuts in synthesis almost always catch up. Documenting steps, testing for contaminants, and providing clear certifications give downstream users more confidence—enough that responsible producers start drawing repeat business over time.
Linoleic acid methyl ester may just look like a chemical in a drum, but there’s a full network of skill, care, and steady improvement behind that price tag and label. Real-world production isn’t glamorous, but it’s critical for energy, the environment, and ongoing trust in what we put in our machines—and even on our skin.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | methyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate |
| Other names |
Methyl linoleate Methyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate Methyl linoleic acid 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester |
| Pronunciation | /lɪˈnoʊliɪk ˈæsɪd ˈmiːθəl ˈɛstər/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 112-63-0 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1718732 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:50113 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1408988 |
| ChemSpider | 111495 |
| DrugBank | DB14040 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.044.932 |
| EC Number | F6Y8A1FS6R |
| Gmelin Reference | 95196 |
| KEGG | C01836 |
| MeSH | D023361 |
| PubChem CID | 5364447 |
| RTECS number | OG6145000 |
| UNII | 4Y9EE8UJY6 |
| UN number | UN2909 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | DTXSID8021236 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C19H34O2 |
| Molar mass | 294.47 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear yellow liquid |
| Odor | Oily |
| Density | 0.88 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | insoluble |
| log P | 3.86 |
| Vapor pressure | 0.02 mmHg (25°C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | pKa ≈ 4.8 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 4.75 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -8.67×10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.464 |
| Viscosity | 8.9 mPa.s (25°C) |
| Dipole moment | 3.71 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 550.3 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -726.5 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -764.1 kCal/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | A05BA02 |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS02,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-1-0 |
| Flash point | > 113 °C |
| Autoignition temperature | 420 °C |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 oral rat 37,000 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Rat oral 40,000 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | NOI700000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not Established |
| REL (Recommended) | 350 mg |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Methyl Oleate Methyl Palmitate Methyl Stearate Linoleic Acid Ethyl Linoleate |
