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Chemical Name: Limonene
Common Synonyms: dipentene, p-mentha-1,8-diene
CAS Number: 138-86-3
Appearance: clear, colorless to pale-yellow liquid
Odor: fresh, citrus-like aroma
Main Sources: citrus fruit peels, primarily oranges and lemons
Hazard Classification: Flammable liquid, skin irritant, sensitizer
Signal Word: Warning
Main Hazards: forms peroxides on prolonged air exposure, easily ignites, harmful to aquatic life, triggers allergic reactions in sensitive skin
Pictograms: Flame, Exclamation mark, Environment
Chemical Identity: d-limonene (greater than 95 percent)
Impurities: small amounts of other terpenes like myrcene, linalool, and pinene, often leftover from citrus processing
Potential Allergens: oxidized byproducts formed over time during storage
Inhalation: Move to fresh air, support breathing, seek medical care for breathing issues
Skin Contact: Wash gently for several minutes using soap and water, remove any contaminated clothing, manage rashes with medical oversight
Eye Contact: Rinse for several minutes with clean, running water, call a doctor if irritation continues
Ingestion: Rinse mouth, do not force vomiting, call a poison center or medical provider for professional assessment
Extinguishing Media: Use dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide
Fire Hazards: Gives off irritating smoke and fumes, volatile vapors may form explosive mixtures with air
Firefighting Precautions: Wear full protective gear and self-contained breathing apparatus, fight fires from upwind side, cool containers with water spray
Personal Precautions: Limit unnecessary contact, increase ventilation, avoid open flames
Environmental Measures: Keep spilled limonene out of water systems, use barriers to stop runoff, use earth or inert absorbent to collect droplets
Cleanup: Wipe up spill with absorbent materials, store waste in closed containers, wash area with water and neutral soap after removal
Safe Handling: Always work in ventilated rooms, ground all containers to lower static risk, keep fire sources far away, avoid breathing in vapors
Storage Conditions: Store in well-closed containers, keep away from direct sunlight and oxidizers, avoid temperature swings to prevent pressure build-up in storage drums
Exposure Limits: No established occupational exposure limits in many regions, but keep air levels low
Personal Protection: Wear chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing, use local exhaust if work generates vapor
Hygiene Practices: Wash hands after handling, avoid eating, drinking, or smoking when using limonene
Physical State: Liquid at room temperature
Boiling Point: Ranges around 176 °C
Melting Point: About -74 °C
Vapor Pressure: Low but can still vaporize at room temperature
Solubility: Insoluble in water, dissolves in alcohol, ether, and most organic solvents
Flash Point: Close to 46 °C; catches fire if exposed to sparks or high heat
Chemical Stability: Remains stable in sealed containers kept from sunlight and air
Reactivity: Reacts with strong oxidizers, may form peroxides after long exposure to air
Hazardous Reactions: Releases irritating gases if burned or strongly heated
Conditions to Avoid: High temperatures, open flames, air contact over long term
Acute Effects: Skin and eye irritation are typical, especially for people with allergies
Chronic Exposure: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause sensitization, leading to dermatitis
Routes of Exposure: Skin absorption, inhalation, accidental swallowing
Long-Term Effects: No firm links to cancer or reproductive harm, but oxidation products can be more allergenic
Aquatic Toxicity: Harmful to fish and invertebrates even at low levels
Persistence: Breaks down somewhat quickly in sunlight and open air
Bioaccumulation: Does not tend to build up in living things over time, but run-off into waterways puts local flora and fauna at risk
Waste Treatment: Send limonene waste to proper chemical disposal or incineration facilities, following local environmental guidelines
Container Disposal: Empty drums and bottles need a thorough cleaning before reusing or recycling, never dump unused liquid into drains or soil
Proper Shipping Name: Terpene hydrocarbons, n.o.s.
Classification: Flammable Liquid
Packaging: Use containers rated for flammable materials, check for leaks and excess pressure
Precautions: Keep far from food cargo, do not ship with oxidizing agents, mark containers with hazard symbols
Labels and Symbols: Mark with flammable liquid and irritant pictograms, warn of aquatic hazards
Restrictions: Falls under flammable chemical and environmental safety rules in many countries
Worker Protection: Safety rules call for clear training, risk communication, and ready access to first aid in areas where limonene is stored or used
