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Glyoxylic acid has a place in the lineage of organic chemistry that many don’t see day-to-day, but chemists know its history stretches back to the quest for simple aldehydes in the 19th century. Early researchers saw glyoxylic acid as a stepping stone, noticing its unique mix of aldehyde and carboxylic acid groups. This dual nature gave it a reputation as a versatile tool in organic transformations. Over the decades, scientists have relied on it for all sorts of aldehyde-based syntheses. By the mid-20th century, reliable ways to produce glyoxylic acid monohydrate arrived, eliminating issues around purity and allowing its use in many industrial and research applications. Its arrival in significant volumes didn’t just expand research—it shaped entire segments of the pharmaceutical and specialty chemical landscape, giving manufacturers an agile reagent that could bridge multiple branches of chemistry.
In a lab container, glyoxylic acid monohydrate doesn’t immediately announce itself. It looks like a white, sometimes slightly yellow, crystalline powder. This modest outward appearance hides a complex personality. Chemically, it holds both an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid group, a rarity that makes glyoxylic acid a heavy hitter in certain syntheses. It dissolves well in water and polar solvents, creating solutions that are clear and stable if you handle them right. The aldehyde function reacts with amines, giving entry points into pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and more. That carboxylic acid group matters too, letting the molecule undergo further modifications and making it useful for inventions like keto acids or complex natural product analogs.
The melting point of glyoxylic acid monohydrate settles around 64°C, and it boils down if you push past 100°C, but it decomposes before boiling outright. Water content shifts depending on storage, and exposed samples can slowly lose their hydration, slowly becoming the anhydrous form. It carries a pKa near 3.2, so it acidifies water noticeably, and it gives off a faint sour odor, betraying its acid strength. In reactions, it combines with nucleophiles directly—often with notable speed, a feature that can trip up those who aren't prepared. Strong oxidizers attack the aldehyde and carboxyl portions, sometimes generating carbon dioxide and oxalic acid. Careful handling keeps this material behaving, but slip-ups with excess base or heat often ruin a batch, leaving only byproducts behind.
Ask ten suppliers for glyoxylic acid monohydrate and you’ll find wide variation in labeling—each with a purity listed, often 98% and above, indicating only trace impurities. Some lots get put through extra purification, aiming for the high standards of pharmaceutical manufacture. Labels detail hydration state, an important note for calculation in stoichiometry-sensitive syntheses. Product labeling sometimes lists both glyoxylic acid monohydrate and “oxoacetic acid, hydrate,” reinforcing the two-headed chemical nature that researchers harness. Reliable manufacturers standardize on consistent hydration and low heavy metal content, qualities demanded especially in food and pharma projects. Anyone planning an experiment double-checks that hydration state, since each mole of monohydrate contains extra water, subtly altering reaction input.
Laboratories still prepare small batches of glyoxylic acid from glyoxal oxidation or by hydrolysis of dichloroacetic acid, but commercial quantities almost always arise from carefully controlled oxidation routes. One common approach oxidizes glycolic acid or glyoxal using nitric acid or air under pressure, yielding glyoxylic acid solutions. Subsequent crystallization isolates the monohydrate. This method handles the trick of not over-oxidizing the compound, or you lose your desired product to oxalic or even carbonic acids. Companies with industrial capacity typically favor processes with less nitrogen oxide emission, mostly to manage environmental impact and regulatory scrutiny. In practice, making pure crystalline glyoxylic acid monohydrate requires attention to drying conditions; too little care and the monohydrate loses water, too much and the chemical decomposes. That’s a balancing act that separates skilled production shops from the rest.
Glyoxylic acid’s blend of functional groups draws chemists searching for efficient reactions. With amines, glyoxylic acid delivers straight-forward condensation for the formation of imines or Schiff bases—a staple in creating intermediates for medicines. Alkylation, reductions, and oxidations all play off its structure, giving easy routes to glycolic and oxalic acid derivatives. It can also act as a selective reducing agent in specific syntheses. Sometimes it reacts with phenols to create hydroxy acids for use in complex molecule construction, and pharmaceutical development draws heavily on these streamlined modifications. In fragrance chemistry and agrochemicals, glyoxylic acid offers direct links to creating compounds with particular scent or biological properties. Few chemicals cover so much synthetic ground with such simple underlying chemistry.
The world of chemical names offers little consensus; glyoxylic acid outpaces most with a surplus of synonyms. Of course, “oxalacetic acid,” and “oxoacetic acid monohydrate,” show up in catalogs, and research literature occasionally uses “formylformic acid” as a historical reference. These names stick, not just for tradition’s sake, but because chemical suppliers and catalogers search for any label that helps resurface old or regionally preferred terminology. Scientists need to keep sharp, double-checking identities by molecular formula or CAS number to avoid mishap. In applied settings, confusion over names in procurement once led to entire shipments of non-soluble or off-spec acids, a headache most institutions work hard to prevent now.
No trained technician approaches glyoxylic acid monohydrate casually. Its acidity and aldehyde twang demand respect, especially when handled in bulk or in hot reactions. Protective gloves and eye shields do more than pay lip service to safety; contact can irritate skin and eyes, and inhalation of fine dust or mists prompts coughing or throat discomfort. In my own lab work, accidental splashes that found the skin produced noticeable stinging—an easy reminder to double-check PPE. Regulatory standards ask for tight controls on ventilation and spill containment. Glyoxylic acid attacks some metals, so containment in glass or specific plastics, with short-term storage in cool, dry places, keeps it stable. As environmental agencies come down harder on aldehyde pollutants, strict waste management has become part of daily workflow, pushing teams to neutralize leftovers and prevent accidental release.
Anyone looking at glyoxylic acid monohydrate sees its wide territory of uses. Pharmaceutical developers grab it for the creation of antibiotics, cardiovascular drugs, and even as a reagent for complex natural product analogues. The chemical’s knack for joining with amino groups earns it a place in protein modification and peptide synthesis. In the dye industry, it plays a role in forming colorants and pigments, taking advantage of its tendencies to link aromatic compounds. Agriculture benefits from its role in synthesizing certain herbicides and plant growth solutions. Flavors and perfumes manufacturers also dig into glyoxylic acid chemistry to tweak scent molecules—one small change often brings a big swing in fragrance outcome. Years ago, working with a perfumery client, I saw firsthand how one acid-catalyzed tweak using glyoxylic acid converted a bland note to one that sang in consumer testing. That kind of versatility keeps it in demand across many sectors.
Lab groups keep searching for new uses rooted in glyoxylic acid’s core structure. Green chemistry projects focus on finding new starting materials and minimizing waste, testing electrochemical and biotechnological pathways for glyoxylic acid production. Efforts in polymer engineering use glyoxylic acid as a building block in biodegradable materials and specialty adhesives. Biochemists work with its reactivity, exploring ways to link sugars or peptides in controlled environments, chasing better diagnostics and therapeutics. Some research attempts to lock its reactive aldehyde in protective cages, releasing it only when needed to trigger downstream synthesis in “smart materials.” These forward-looking projects often run into unexpected pitfalls, like instability or selectivity challenges, but innovation continues because glyoxylic acid keeps surprising with what it enables.
Glyoxylic acid doesn’t have a reputation for acute toxicity on par with things like cyanides or strong mineral acids, but overexposure can bring trouble. Inhalation or skin contact causes irritation, sometimes with delayed or unexpected onset. Animal studies say high doses upset kidney and liver function, and accidental ingestion leads to digestive issues and electrolyte imbalances. These results have pushed safety officers to treat it as a significant chemical hazard, with careful handling standing between routine use and unexpected accidents. Waste streams receive extra treatment, and regulators keep a close eye on reported incidents. Researchers recognizing the chronic health questions work with measured doses, prioritizing engineered ventilation and emergency wash stations in any space handling more than trace amounts.
The future looks complex for glyoxylic acid monohydrate. As stricter environmental laws come online, manufacturers invest in greener synthesis methods, placing sustainability at the front of their research plans. The rise of personalized medicine increases demand for unique intermediates that glyoxylic acid delivers, keeping it relevant in drug pipelines. Synthetic biology labs try using enzymes to tame glyoxylic acid production, eyeing cost savings and fewer waste byproducts. Markets for bioplastics take interest in its ability to bridge bio-based and petrochemical synthesis, potentially shifting the scale of demand upward. Fragmented as its application areas may seem, their combined momentum suggests glyoxylic acid will keep evolving along with the wider chemical industry, shaped both by legacy methods and fresh innovation. Wherever molecules need quick, reliable modification, glyoxylic acid monohydrate stays close to the action, to the benefit—and sometimes frustration—of chemists who know its power and pitfalls.
Some chemicals earn headlines for all the wrong reasons. Others, like glyoxylic acid monohydrate, stay under the radar, busy making life smoother behind the scenes. Ask anyone who has worked in a chemical plant or a cosmetics lab, and they’ll tell you – this stuff finds its way into more processes than most people realize.
Glyoxylic acid monohydrate steps up in places many consumers wouldn’t expect. Walk down a hair care aisle and the bright packaging might promise “smoother,” “frizz-free,” or “straightens without damage.” Behind those claims, there’s often a quiet supporting player: glyoxylic acid monohydrate. In recent years, as some stylists look for alternatives to formaldehyde, this compound has helped fuel the rise of milder, yet still effective, hair-smoothing treatments. By reacting with proteins in the hair, it helps reshape stubborn strands, all without the throat-burning fumes that worried salon workers and regulators.
Step out of the salon and into a factory, and you’ll find this chemical playing yet another role, this time in the company of veterans like pharmaceuticals and flavors. Long before it reaches the consumer, glyoxylic acid monohydrate pitches in as an intermediate – a middle step in making finished molecules. Big-name antibiotics and even the vanilla found in ice cream have paths that trace back to reactions involving this acid. Factory workers watch for quality, knowing that contamination can turn a life-saving medicine into a costly waste.
Years ago, I walked through a tannery and caught a whiff of something sharp. Tanned leather for luxury bags and seats still relies on well-chosen chemicals to bring out shine and durability. Glyoxylic acid monohydrate helps clean up the old process, allowing for colors that last and hides that stay supple – nobody wants a stiff jacket or faded handbag a month after buying.
Painters chasing tough, long-lasting coatings rely on a handful of lesser-known chemicals. Blending glyoxylic acid monohydrate into water-based paints helps the finished product stick well and resist chipping, qualities important to anyone tired of repainting their kitchen every few years. Even adhesives use this chemical to create products safe for everything from woodwork to children’s crafts.
With all the places glyoxylic acid monohydrate shows up, safety matters. OSHA and the European Chemicals Agency set exposure limits and advise using gloves, goggles, and good ventilation. Every experienced worker knows shortcuts risk burns or allergic reactions. For people with sensitive skin or those working in busy factories, that bit of caution means healthier lives down the road.
The chemical industry faces mounting pressure to cut waste and lower environmental impact. Sourcing glyoxylic acid monohydrate from renewable resources like bio-based glyoxal brings opportunities. Cleaner manufacturing keeps workers safer, and reduces the headache of hazardous waste disposal. Companies investing in sustainable production earn the trust of regulators and the growing number of consumers who read the fine print.
Turning raw materials into products isn’t glamorous, but every day, glyoxylic acid monohydrate helps make it possible. From the science lab to the salon, and from paint factories to flavor labs, this humble compound carries a big load. Solutions for safety and sustainability rely on the same mix of experience and attention that shaped the industry from the start. If you’ve enjoyed smoother hair, tasted a rich vanilla dessert, or just marveled at the shine of new leather, there’s a good chance you’ve crossed paths with glyoxylic acid monohydrate – even if you never see its name on the label.
In labs and on factory floors, glyoxylic acid monohydrate shows up in all sorts of products, from cosmetics to textile treatments and even some pharmaceuticals. Its uses stretch across industries, but safety always stays front and center. Folks working with it, or those who find it listed on ingredient labels, deserve a clear view of what it really means for their health.
Getting glyoxylic acid monohydrate on your skin or in your eyes may cause pretty fast irritation. Redness, itchiness, or even a burning feeling can happen—enough for people in factories to handle it with gloves and goggles. Inhaling its dust or vapor could bring on coughing or a sore throat. Swallowing it by accident leads to another set of risks, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. These reactions can be traced to the compound’s acidity and its tendency to disrupt delicate tissue barriers.
No one wants to hear about long-term impact, but it deserves attention. There’s not a mountain of studies looking at chronic exposure in humans. The main risk comes from repeated skin contact, which often leads to dermatitis or other allergic responses. Reports in workplace safety files remind us not to treat this compound lightly, though glyoxylic acid doesn’t rank among the most toxic chemicals found in industry.
Authorities like the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the European Chemicals Agency call for solid safety measures, even if they don’t issue a strict legal exposure limit like they do for some heavy metals or solvents. These bodies classify glyoxylic acid monohydrate as an irritant, not a carcinogen or mutagen. The chemical’s Material Safety Data Sheet paints a clear picture: avoid direct contact, keep it out of your nose and mouth, and work in well-ventilated areas.
The world has seen accidental releases in workplaces, but not the kind of major emergencies linked with more dangerous acids or flammable solvents. Still, early medical intervention helps. Someone splashing even a diluted solution should flush with water for at least a quarter hour, according to both first aid protocols and advice from poison control centers. Nobody wants permanent damage from a simple mishap.
A decade spent in laboratory work showed me one certainty—prevention beats panic every time. Small mistakes, like not tightening a cap, often create more risk than the presence of the chemical itself. Shops that take safety seriously rarely report injuries. The difference often boils down to awareness, access to personal protective gear, and training that goes beyond a boring slideshow. Seeing younger workers take shortcuts, I always tried to remind them: it only takes one accident to change your view on lab rules.
Glyoxylic acid monohydrate stays safest in workplaces that make eye protection, gloves, and ventilation as common as a cup of coffee. Even at home, shoppers can check cosmetic ingredient lists, though most skin care items use concentrations so low they rarely trigger irritation. People with sensitive skin might choose to patch test new products, just in case.
Safe practices make all the difference. An open conversation about chemicals, straightforward hazard labeling, and leadership by example create an environment where people look out for each other. In my view, the facts show glyoxylic acid monohydrate brings moderate risks that call for reasonable caution—not fear, but respect.
Glyoxylic acid monohydrate doesn’t show up in mainstream conversation, but a closer look can offer a lesson in the building blocks that shape many areas of chemistry. Its formula, C2H2O3·H2O, is a clear example of how even the simplest compounds can have significance in both science and daily life. This formula tells a direct story: the core glyoxylic acid molecule binds with water to create its monohydrate form, bringing important changes to its handling and uses.
Real-life impact starts with understanding what’s in a formula. Glyoxylic acid’s scientific appeal doesn’t just sit on a piece of paper—it’s found in specialty chemicals, cosmetics, and even some treatments for hair straightening. Working in the chemical industry, I’ve seen the headaches that result from ignoring hydration states in chemical formulas. A simple oversight can send an entire process out of balance. The addition of one water molecule, reflected in the monohydrate, changes the way the chemical behaves, particularly with stability and purity. The formula keeps people honest about what they’re actually using, whether they’re in the lab or on the production floor.
Precision in chemical labeling supports safe handling and effective use. Glyoxylic acid by itself has the formula C2H2O3. Add a water molecule—H2O—and the formula expands to C2H2O3·H2O. Many might think this water of hydration doesn’t matter, but experience teaches otherwise. Shipment mislabeling can introduce risks for workers; getting the formula exactly right creates a safer environment for everyone in the supply chain. More than that, research teams and quality control departments rely on precise formulas to track reactions, purity, storage requirements, and regulatory compliance. Data gathered from years of industry practice highlights major quality variance when hydration states aren't reflected in sourcing or production documents.
Getting the formula right opens the door for better best practices. If more teams, from academia to manufacturing, prioritized formula accuracy, the rate of chemical incidents would fall. For organizations, education stands as the first tool. Hands-on training making clear distinctions between anhydrous and monohydrate forms, followed by labeling audits, can close many of the gaps that still show up on safety reports. Digital inventory systems, updated with real formulas rather than generic names, answer the call for real traceability. People mix up chemicals due to shortcut habits—label the drum "glyoxylic acid" and skip the details. When errors get caught, they usually come with time lost or, worse, an incident that endangers staff.
I’ve worked with plant teams that struggled to get batches right until the hydration distinction made it into logs and labels. As soon as inventory reflected the precise monohydrate formula, confusion vanished, and both safety records and process yields improved. Glyoxylic acid monohydrate’s formula becomes a lesson—not just in chemistry, but in attention to detail that protects both people and products. While it might look routine on paper, in practice, the right chemical formula paves the way to results everyone can trust.
Anyone working with chemicals knows some products can flip a regular workday upside down if not stored correctly. Glyoxylic acid monohydrate earns a spot on the list that deserves respect. I remember once opening a storage cabinet only to realize a poorly sealed bottle started leaking a sharp, stinging odor into the space. That lesson came with a pile of paperwork and a call to the safety team. Things could have quickly taken a turn for the worse, since this acid draws moisture from the air and reacts with metal. The experience taught me to never cut corners with chemical storage.
Leaving glyoxylic acid monohydrate on an open shelf or in a warm room can cause trouble. It reacts with humidity, so even a slightly damp spot will degrade it over time. That moisture grabs hold, and soon you have both decomposition and risk of unwanted reactions. Temperature swings make things worse. From what I've seen, a controlled space with low humidity, away from direct sunlight and heating vents, makes all the difference. Dark cabinets or storerooms work best. Avoid sticking this stuff near doors or busy areas—accidental bumps or spills happen too easily.
Many lab setups rely on glass, but not all plastics are up to the job. Polyethylene and Teflon containers hold up, while soft plastics can warp or let acid vapor leak. Once, a cheap container seemed fine until a slow leak soaked a shelf, damaging supplies and racking up a replacement bill. Forget about storing glyoxylic acid in any metal can or lid—the acid starts reacting quickly, corroding the metal, releasing gas, and possibly building pressure. Glass with a plastic cap always felt the safest bet in every lab I’ve worked in.
People often skip over labels and small print, or think of them as just another step in a lengthy protocol. With chemicals like this, a clear, bold label can stop a mix-up that ruins equipment, ruins a batch, or creates danger. Always keep acids like glyoxylic acid apart from alkalis and bases. A single spill or mixing accident often comes from crowded storage or unlabeled bottles. Building habits of labeling clearly—date, concentration, and hazard class—cuts down on mistakes.
Every storeroom I trust runs a solid ventilation system. Stale air leads to buildup of vapors, especially if the acid sits out too long or a seal fails. Poor airflow means odors, corrosion, and possible respiratory irritation. Regularly checking ventilation and inspecting seals on bottles keeps things safe. Never store glyoxylic acid monohydrate near reactive agents like oxidizers, aldehydes, or concentrated ammonia—accidents there can escalate in a heartbeat.
All the best storage rules mean nothing without eyes on the ground. Staff who handle glyoxylic acid need regular briefings. PPE like gloves and goggles aren’t just boxes to tick—they save skin and eyesight. I always kept a habit of reviewing storage rules once a season—just like you’d check a smoke detector. It made a difference during audits and emergency drills.
Keeping glyoxylic acid monohydrate safe boils down to a few clear steps: pick a dry and cool spot, label each container, use material that won’t react, and keep it separated from incompatible chemicals. Regular training and careful ventilation aren’t just checkboxes—they truly lower risk and save money, equipment, and sometimes a lot more.
I’ve seen chemicals get underestimated too often. Glyoxylic Acid Monohydrate may not grab headlines like some other acids, yet risks are real every time a bottle gets opened. This chemical irritates skin and eyes on contact. Go without gloves or goggles even once, and you notice the burn in no time. Over years in the lab, I’ve watched rushed colleagues discover this lesson the hard way — redness, rashes, sometimes trips to urgent care.
Breathing dust or vapor brings its own set of worries. It tickles your throat, and the cough doesn’t fade quickly. Long exposure in poorly ventilated spaces often leads to headaches or nausea. These annoyances may not seem serious at first, but long-term effects sneak up, particularly if you treat safety as an afterthought. OSHA recognizes Glyoxylic Acid Monohydrate as hazardous for a reason, placing it on chemical watch lists for workplaces and academic labs.
Any direct handling calls for more than wishful thinking. Start with gloves made of nitrile or neoprene. Rubber gloves break down if you rely on the wrong type. Tightly fitted goggles or a face shield cuts down splashes, especially for anyone mixing batches or transferring between containers. Cotton won’t protect your arms or chest. Zip up a proper lab coat and keep bare skin covered. Shoes should fully enclose your feet — open-toed sandals and acids pair terribly.
In my earliest days, I slipped up on eye protection once during a rush. A tiny splash ruined an afternoon and taught me the value of double-checking gear. It’s not just a checklist for show — if just one piece of gear slips, skin or eyes suffer.
Some users take ventilation for granted, but I’ve learned stale air brings trouble. Always work near an active fume hood. Even if you only expect minimal vapor, don’t trust luck to save your nose or lungs. Make sure the hood gets tested for airflow every few months. Circulating air isn’t optional when you’re mixing chemicals, especially ones known to release unpleasant gases. Those who try to "just crack a window" quickly regret it — local ventilation does the real work.
I keep storage as strict as active lab time. Site all containers away from heat and sunlight. Light accelerates decomposition, raising container pressure and risking leaks. Label every bottle clearly with color codes or large print. Colleagues often search in a rush, and clear labels prevent mistakes that can ruin an experiment or cause cross-contamination. Separate acids from strong bases or oxidizers; uncontrolled mixing can create violent reactions. Dedicated acid cabinets cut the risk dramatically.
No system’s perfect, so keeping eyewash stations and showers within arm’s reach matters. I once saw an intern douse her arm within seconds — quick access saved her from more serious burns. Know the emergency phone and spill kit locations; shouting for help wastes precious minutes in a crisis. For small spills, neutralize acid with sodium bicarbonate, but protect yourself during cleanup. Training on emergency procedures sticks better when you run actual drills, not just show a slideshow once a year.
Real safety means more than checking boxes. Glyoxylic Acid Monohydrate exposes anyone who grows careless. Using the right gloves, eyewear, and ventilation every single time — no shortcuts — stops accidents before they start. Good storage, sharp labels, and routine emergency drills close the safety loop and protect everyone in the room. This isn’t just chemical protocol — it’s what gets folks home at the end of the day in one piece.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 2-hydroxyacetic acid monohydrate |
| Other names |
Formylformic acid monohydrate Oxalaldehydic acid monohydrate Oxoacetic acid monohydrate Glyoxylic acid hydrate |
| Pronunciation | /ɡlaɪˌɒkˈsɪlɪk ˌæsɪd ˌmɒnəˈhaɪdreɪt/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 563-96-2 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1207233 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:59716 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1629677 |
| ChemSpider | 527937 |
| DrugBank | DB14531 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.443 |
| EC Number | 206-058-5 |
| Gmelin Reference | 126107 |
| KEGG | C00630 |
| MeSH | D006182 |
| PubChem CID | 872 |
| RTECS number | MF1050000 |
| UNII | WY7J1Q8A39 |
| UN number | UN3265 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C2H2O3·H2O |
| Molar mass | 92.04 g/mol |
| Appearance | White crystalline solid |
| Odor | Mild, unpleasant |
| Density | 1.3 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Soluble in water |
| log P | -1.2 |
| Vapor pressure | <0.13 hPa (20 °C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 3.18 |
| Basicity (pKb) | pKb 12.34 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -6.5e-6 cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.434 |
| Viscosity | 20 mPa.s (at 20 °C) |
| Dipole moment | 1.96 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 169.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -695.95 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -1322 kJ mol⁻¹ |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | D03AX10 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Causes serious eye damage. |
| GHS labelling | GHS05, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | Hazard statements: "H302 Harmful if swallowed. H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. H318 Causes serious eye damage. |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P330, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 2-1-2 |
| Flash point | No flash point |
| Autoignition temperature | 140°C (284°F) |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 Oral Rat 960 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose) Oral rat: 960 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | GZ1250000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | Not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 0.1 mg/m³ |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | No IDLH established. |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Glyoxylic acid Oxalic acid Glycolic acid Glyoxal Formic acid Acetic acid |
