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Chemical name: 4-Nitroaniline
Synonyms: p-Nitroaniline, 1-Amino-4-nitrobenzene
CAS number: 100-01-6
Uses: Mostly found in dye manufacture, organic synthesis, and lab research settings
Physical form: Pale yellow crystalline powder, noticeable bitter-almond odor
Common presence: Not found in homes, mainly stuck in labs, chemical plants, and factories working with colorants or specialty chemicals
Acute effects: Harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin
Chronic effects: Prolonged or repeated contact leads to organ damage, particularly liver or blood cells (causes methemoglobinemia)
Health risks: Irritation to skin and eyes, symptoms start with headache, dizziness, nausea, then progress to blue-tinged skin from lack of oxygen
Environmental hazards: Toxic for aquatic life, persistent in water and soil, potential for long-term environmental harm
Fire risks: Combustible solid, burns produce toxic fumes like nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide
Regulatory concern: Subject to handling restrictions for workplace safety
Main ingredient: 4-Nitroaniline (over 99%)
Impurities: Usually minor, but manufacturing leftovers—sometimes other nitro-anilines—can creep in
Additives: Not typical, most samples are pure chemical unless part of a mixture for industrial processing
Inhalation: Move to fresh air quickly, seek medical help if experience rapid heart rate, confusion, or shortness of breath
Skin contact: Remove contaminated clothes, wash with lots of soap and water
Eye contact: Flush eyes with plenty of water, keep eyelids wide open, call for medical attention if irritation persists
Ingestion: Rinse mouth, avoid forcing vomiting, consult care right away; take any sample or packaging for easier diagnosis
Other considerations: Symptoms can sometimes show up hours later, watch for delayed reactions like cyanosis or fatigue
Best extinguishing methods: Use dry chemical, foam, or CO2 fire extinguishers; avoid water with direct jet
Hazardous combustion products: Nitrogen oxides, aniline vapors, carbon monoxide—dangerous to breathe, so wear proper gear
Special protective equipment: Firefighters work with self-contained breathing apparatus, skin-protective coats and gloves
Safe evacuation: Keep out of smoke, shut off ignition sources, handle runoff with care since contaminated water’s a secondary hazard
Temperature notes: Melts over 140°C, decomposes at higher heat, risk of toxic vapor clouds in poorly ventilated spots
Precautionary steps: Put on gloves, goggles, mask—avoid breathing dust, keep skin covered
Containment: Scoop or sweep up material, gather in sealed container
Clean-up: Avoid generating dust, ventilate workspace, wipe remnants with damp towels and then dispose of them
Disposal: Follow regulatory hazardous waste disposal, never flush into sink or drains
Environmental notes: Stop powder from entering waterways, sweep up spills before wind spreads it
Safe handling: Use in fume hood or well-ventilated area, no eating, drinking, or smoking nearby; always wash hands after contact
Storage conditions: Keep container tightly closed in a cool, dry, well-ventilated space away from strong acids, bases, or oxidizers
Labeling: Store with clear hazard warnings, only accessible to trained personnel
Spill management: Store with spill kits nearby for quick response, train staff on proper protocols
Segregation: Should not share space with food, personal effects, or combustible materials
Engineering controls: Always run processes in a chemical fume hood or use local exhaust ventilation
Eyes: Goggles or full face shield to drive dust away from eyes
Skin: Chemical-resistant gloves and long sleeves, lab coats, closed shoes
Respiratory: If dust present, NIOSH-approved respirator to filter contaminated air
Hygiene tips: Change out of work clothes before heading home, keep safety shower and eye wash handy
Color: Pale to bright yellow crystals
Odor: Bitter almond, distinct but faint
Melting point: Melts between 146 and 149°C
Boiling point: Somewhat above 300°C, decomposes before boiling
Solubility: Hardly soluble in cold water, dissolves better in hot water and organic solvents including ethanol and acetone
Vapor pressure: Very low at room temperature
Stability: Stable under most lab conditions, sensitive to powerful oxidizers
Chemical stability: Doesn’t break down quickly under normal storage
Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizers, reducing agents, acids, bases; violent reactions possible
Polymerization risk: Not likely
Decomposition products: Breaks down into toxic gases—aniline, nitrogen oxides—if burned or subjected to high heat
Other notes: Light and heat speed up decomposition, always store away from ignition sources
Acute toxicity: Swallowing or inhaling even a small dose brings on nausea, headache, confusion, and blue-tinged skin (methemoglobinemia)
Chronic exposure: May damage blood (interferes with oxygen carrying), risk goes up with repeated handling or poor hygiene
Routes of exposure: Inhalation, skin contact, eye contact, ingestion
Long-term effects: Blood disorders, possibly liver and kidney trouble, symptoms can include ongoing fatigue and weakness
Vulnerable groups: Asthmatics, those with liver, kidney, or blood disorders face higher risk
Aquatic toxicity: Poisonous to fish, even small spills linger in water
Persistence: Breaks down slowly in soil and groundwater, tends to build up if disposal isn’t controlled
Mobility: Moves through soil and water, doesn’t stay where it fell if spilled outdoors
Bioaccumulation: Doesn’t cling to animal tissue much, but worms and aquatic bugs still collect enough of it to cause problems up the food chain
Wider impact: Kills micro-organisms key to sewer and soil health, so even city runoff can suffer if leaks go unnoticed
Proper disposal: Dispose through a certified hazardous waste handler, follow all local and national laws
Incineration: Burn in approved chemical incinerator with afterburner and scrubber
Never do: Don’t toss in landfill or pour down drain, residues can leach into groundwater
Contaminated packaging: Decontaminate then dispose the same way as the product itself
Hazard class: Regulated as dangerous for carriage by road, sea, or air
Packing group: Mid-range, usually Group III for moderate hazard
UN number: Identified and tracked through standard code for nitroanilines
Special handling: Mark all containers with hazard symbols, keep sealed and upright, avoid stacking heavy loads
Transit risks: Sudden impacts or leaks in transit can spark accident response, so only trained staff handle movement between sites
Workplace exposure limits: Threshold values set by occupational safety authorities; regular air monitoring for workplaces
Environmental regulation: Requires reporting for accidental emissions, limits on wastewater discharge, must meet city waste codes
Employee training: Mandatory instruction on risks, safeguards, and medical response
Labeling laws: Must carry hazard icons, clear warnings, health and environmental precaution statements in transport and storage
Global reach: Many countries add 4-Nitroaniline to lists of substances restricted for sale, use, or disposal, reflecting lasting risks if left unchecked
