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Chemical name: 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
Common names: CDNB, Chloro-dinitrobenzene
Chemical formula: C6H3ClN2O4
Appearance: Yellow crystalline solid
Odor: Faint, aromatic
CAS number: 97-00-7
Classification: Considered toxic through skin absorption, inhalation, and ingestion
Health risks: Exposure can lead to eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation, kidney damage, blood disorders like hemolytic anemia, and potential sensitization with repeated contact
Environmental concerns: Harmful to aquatic organisms, with effects that may persist and cause disruption over time
Fire risk: Not highly flammable but can decompose at high temperatures, producing toxic and corrosive fumes
Regulatory info: Classified as dangerous under EU and US worker protection guidelines
Main component: 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, typically over 98% purity in research and industry use
Impurities: Trace dinitrobenzene isomers, residual solvents
Other contaminants: May contain dust or debris if stored improperly, increasing inhalation risk
Eye contact: Immediate irrigation with water for at least 15 minutes, removing contact lenses to ensure full flushing
Skin contact: Removal of contaminated clothing, prompt washing of skin with soap and water to reduce absorption
Inhalation: Movement to fresh air, support for breathing as needed, and monitoring for delayed symptoms like dizziness or headaches
Ingestion: Rinse mouth, ensure medical attention is provided rapidly due to toxic effects on organs
Medical response: Medical professionals need to watch for signs of hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, and treat with supportive measures
Suitable extinguishing agents: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical powder, or carbon dioxide
Hazardous byproducts: Fire or thermal decomposition releases corrosive and toxic gases such as hydrogen chloride, nitrous fumes
Protective equipment: Firefighters should work with full protective gear and self-contained breathing apparatus to avoid inhaling toxic smoke
Further guidance: Contain runoff to prevent spread into water systems
Personal protection: Wear chemical-resistant gloves, goggles, and a suitable respiratory mask during cleanup
Spill management: Avoid raising dust, carefully collect and place waste in sealed containers
Environmental controls: Prevent the material from entering drains, sewers, and waterways, using barriers such as absorbent pads or earth
Ventilation: Maximize ventilation in the area to disperse fumes and dust
Handling tips: Limit exposure by working in well-ventilated areas, avoid direct contact, and wash hands before eating or drinking
Storage precautions: Keep containers tightly sealed in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area out of direct sunlight
Stability concerns: Store away from bases, reducing agents, and combustible materials to avoid unexpected reactions
Incompatible substances: Alkali metals, strong bases, and strong oxidizers can lead to dangerous decomposition
Occupational limits: Exposure thresholds have not always been established globally, but the need to minimize contact is emphasized in workplace safety rules
Engineering controls: Use fume hoods and exhaust fans to manage dust and vapors
Personal protection: Gloves made of rubber or nitrile, safety goggles, lab coats, and in some cases, respirators if dust levels threaten to exceed safe limits
Hygiene: Encourage regular laundering of contaminated clothing, and prohibit eating or drinking in active working areas
Physical state: Crystalline solid at room temperature
Color: Bright yellow
Melting point: 53-55°C
Boiling point: Decomposes before boiling
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, more readily dissolves in organic solvents such as acetone, benzene, and ether
Vapor pressure: Low at ambient temperature
Odor threshold: Usually not strong enough to serve as a warning of unsafe levels
Density: About 1.68 g/cm3
Chemical stability: Stable under standard storage and handling conditions, but sensitive to strong heat and light
Reactivity: May react violently with strong alkalis and reducing agents
Hazardous decomposition products: Releases chlorine and nitrogen oxides if burned or decomposed thermally
Incompatible materials: Avoid mixing with strong oxidizers, strong bases, and reducing agents to prevent hazardous conditions
Main health effects: Poisoning with this substance often presents as headaches, dizziness, weakness, blue skin (methemoglobinemia), and hemolytic anemia
Routes of exposure: Inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion
Possibility of sensitization: Repeated or prolonged contact produces skin allergies in susceptible individuals
Acute effects: Burning of eyes/skin, nasal and throat irritation, nausea
Chronic effects: Persistent exposure may impair liver and kidney function, and rarely contribute to more severe blood disorders
Carcinogenicity: No definitive evidence in humans, but data call for caution due to the chemical structure and related compounds
Toxicity to aquatic life: Dangerous to freshwater organisms, with strong potential for bioaccumulation
Persistence: Remains stable in the environment, breaking down slowly; runoff from spills or improper disposal spreads contamination
Soil and water impact: Moves through soil, risking groundwater pollution
Long-term effects: Repeated exposure to even low concentrations may harm local ecosystem balance
Waste handling: Collect leftover chemical and contaminated materials, store in sealed, labeled containers for hazardous waste disposal
Disposal method: Incineration in a licensed, controlled facility
Do not: Release untreated waste to sewer or natural environment
Best practice: Engage certified chemical waste professionals when discarding bulk quantities or spill residues
Shipping regulations: Transport classified as hazardous cargo due to acute toxicity and risks to environment
Packing: Packages should be robust, leak-proof, clearly marked with hazard labels
Precautions in transit: Keep away from food and sensitive cargo, refrigerate if extended storage anticipated during transport
Compliance: All relevant local and international shipping codes must be respected to protect workers and communities
Chemical safety: Listed as a hazardous substance under many workplace safety and environmental regulations
Worker protection: Training on safe handling, use of protective gear, and emergency measures required for those who might handle or transport it
Record-keeping: Usage and incident reporting expected by law in settings where substantial quantities are kept or moved
Community right-to-know: Transparency on chemical risks supports safer communities and more informed emergency responders
