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Substance Name: 1,4-Dioxane
Chemical Formula: C4H8O2
Synonyms: Diethylene dioxide, p-Dioxane, Dioxane
CAS Number: 123-91-1
Recommended Use: Laboratory solvent, stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, chemical intermediate
Manufacturer/Supplier: Refer to product label for specific contact information
Emergency Telephone: Local emergency response number or poison control center
Hazard Classification: Flammable liquid, Category 2; Acute toxicity (oral), Category 4; Eye irritation, Category 2A; Carcinogenicity, Category 2; Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure), Category 3
Signal Word: Danger
Hazard Statements: Highly flammable liquid and vapor; Harmful if swallowed; Causes serious eye irritation; Suspected of causing cancer; Causes respiratory irritation
Pictograms: Flame, Exclamation Mark, Health Hazard
Precautionary Statements: Keep away from heat, sparks, open flames; Avoid breathing vapors; Wear protective clothing, gloves, and eye protection; Use only in well-ventilated areas; Wash hands thoroughly after handling
Chemical Name: 1,4-Dioxane
Concentration: >99% by weight
CAS Number: 123-91-1
Impurities: May contain trace amounts of water and peroxide by-products, less than 0.5%
Inhalation: Move person to fresh air, keep comfortable, seek medical attention if symptoms develop
Skin Contact: Immediately remove contaminated clothing, rinse skin with plenty of water, wash with soap, seek medical help if irritation persists
Eye Contact: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes, remove contact lenses if easy, continue rinsing; immediate medical attention required for persistent irritation
Ingestion: Rinse mouth, do not induce vomiting, get immediate medical help
Most Important Symptoms: Headache, dizziness, nausea, coughing, eye redness, skin irritation
Notes for Physician: Symptomatic treatment, consider gastric lavage in severe cases, monitor respiratory function
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media: Straight water streams due to spread of fire
Specific Hazards: Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air, gives off toxic fumes (carbon oxides) upon combustion
Special Protective Equipment for Firefighters: Full chemical protective suit with self-contained breathing apparatus
Advice for Firefighters: Cool containers with water spray to prevent rupture; keep away from runoff and drains
Personal Precautions: Evacuate area, ventilate, remove ignition sources, wear appropriate protective gear
Environmental Precautions: Prevent entry into sewers, soil, or waterways
Containment and Cleanup: Absorb with inert material such as sand or vermiculite, collect in suitable containers for disposal, wash spill site after removal
Other Information: Use spark-proof tools and non-sparking equipment
Handling: Use only in well-ventilated conditions, avoid contact with skin, eyes, clothes; ground containers and use spark-proof equipment during transfers; wash thoroughly after use
Storage Conditions: Store in closed, bonded chemical storage area at low temperatures, away from oxidizers, acids, direct sunlight, ignition sources
Storage Containers: Use containers made of compatible material such as stainless steel or glass; regularly check for peroxide formation
Special Precautions: Do not store with food, drink, personal items; label containers clearly
Occupational Exposure Limits: OSHA PEL: 100 ppm (360 mg/m3), ACGIH TLV: 20 ppm
Engineering Controls: Use fume hoods, local exhaust ventilation, explosion-proof equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): NIOSH-approved respirators in case of inadequate ventilation, chemical splash goggles, gloves (nitrile, neoprene), lab apron or coat
Hygiene Measures: Do not eat, drink, or smoke during use; remove contaminated clothing, wash hands and face before breaks and end of workday
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Faint, sweet, ether-like
Odor Threshold: 0.74 ppm
pH: Not applicable
Melting Point: 11.8°C
Boiling Point: 101°C
Flash Point: 12°C (closed cup)
Evaporation Rate: 0.65 (butyl acetate = 1)
Flammability: Highly flammable
Upper/Lower Flammability Limits: 22% / 2% (v/v in air)
Vapor Pressure: 38 mm Hg at 20°C
Vapor Density: 3.0 (air = 1)
Relative Density: 1.03 (water = 1)
Solubility in Water: Completely miscible
Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): -0.27
Auto-ignition Temperature: 180°C
Decomposition Temperature: Data not available
Viscosity: 1.34 mPa·s at 20°C
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions; forms explosive peroxides in air over time
Possibility of Hazardous Reactions: Rapid heat/fume release with strong oxidizers or acids
Conditions to Avoid: Heat, sparks, open flame, sunlight, sources of ignition
Incompatible Materials: Oxidizers, strong acids, aluminum, potassium, sodium
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, peroxides, formaldehyde
Potential Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, skin contact, eye contact, ingestion
Acute Toxicity: Oral LD50 (rat): 5,200 mg/kg; Inhalation LC50 (rat, 4h): 46,000 mg/m3
Chronic Toxicity: Repeated exposure can cause liver and kidney damage
Carcinogenicity: Classified as possible human carcinogen by IARC (Group 2B), suspect human carcinogen by ACGIH, NTP identifies cancer risk
Symptoms of Exposure: Irritation of eyes, mucous membranes, headaches, dizziness, nausea
Other Data: May cause central nervous system depression; no evidence for reproductive toxicity in animals; long-term studies indicate cancer risk with chronic exposure
Toxicity to Aquatic Life: LC50 (fish, Pimephales promelas, 96h): 9,820 mg/L; EC50 (Daphnia magna, 24h): 17,000 mg/L
Persistence and Degradability: Readily biodegradable by some soil bacteria, slow in water
Bioaccumulation: Low potential due to high water solubility and rapid breakdown
Mobility in Soil: High, may leach to groundwater
Other Adverse Effects: Not expected to pose significant immediate threat to aquatic environments, but persistent contamination can occur near manufacturing facilities
Waste Treatment Methods: Incinerate in approved chemical waste facility under controlled conditions
Contaminated Packaging: Dispose as hazardous waste in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations
Special Precautions: Never dispose of through drains, evaporation, or landfill without approval; neutralize peroxides prior to disposal
Recovery and Recycling: Recover large quantities if practical and clean for reuse, otherwise destroy via qualified waste processor
UN Number: UN1165
Proper Shipping Name: Dioxane
Transport Hazard Class: 3 (Flammable liquids)
Packing Group: II
Labels: Flammable Liquid
Transport Precautions: Keep containers upright, sealed, away from ignition; provide adequate ventilation during transit; follow international, national, and local regulations for hazardous chemicals
OSHA Status: Regulated as hazardous chemical under OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
SARA Title III: Listed under Section 313 (toxic chemical release inventory)
TSCA Status: Listed in the TSCA Inventory
RCRA Status: Listed hazardous waste (U108)
California Proposition 65: Listed as chemical known to cause cancer
Other Regulations: Subject to reporting under CERCLA for releases above reportable quantity (RQ: 100 pounds); included in international agreements such as Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions for priority monitoring
Workplace Classification: Select carcinogen, hazardous substance for worker right-to-know laws
