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Product Name: 1,1-Dichloroethane
Synonyms: Ethylidene Dichloride, Ethylene Dichloride, DCE, Acethylenchlorid
Chemical Formula: C2H4Cl2
Molecular Weight: 98.96 g/mol
CAS Number: 75-34-3
Recommended Use: Industrial solvent, chemical intermediate
Manufacturer's Contact: Information for the company supplying the material, including emergency telephone number and address, goes here.
Emergency Overview: Clear, colorless liquid with sweet aromatic odor. Highly flammable, harmful by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption.
GHS Classification: Flammable liquids (Category 2); Acute toxicity, Inhalation (Category 4); Skin irritation (Category 2); Eye irritation (Category 2A); Carcinogenicity (Category 2)
Signal Word: Danger
Hazard Statements: Causes skin and eye irritation. Harmful if inhaled. Suspected of causing cancer. May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.
Precautionary Statements: Wear protective gloves and eye protection. Avoid breathing vapors. Wash skin thoroughly after handling. Use only outdoors or in well-ventilated area.
Potential Acute Effects: Short-term exposure irritates mucous membranes, eyes, and respiratory system. May cause headache, dizziness, drowsiness, and confusion.
Potential Chronic Effects: Repeated exposure impacts liver, kidneys, central nervous system. Animal studies suggest risk of cancer.
NFPA Ratings: Health: 2, Flammability: 3, Instability: 0, Specific: None
Chemical Name: 1,1-Dichloroethane
Concentration: 99.0–100.0%
CAS Number: 75-34-3
Impurities: Trace stabilizers or manufacturing residuals may be present, but typically below reporting limits.
Inhalation: Move to fresh air. Keep person warm and at rest. If breathing is difficult, trained personnel may provide oxygen. Get medical attention if symptoms persist.
Skin Contact: Immediately wash affected skin with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Seek medical attention if irritation develops or persists.
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention promptly.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water if conscious. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Seek immediate medical assistance.
Most Important Symptoms: Drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal pain, and possible loss of consciousness with high doses.
Special Instructions: Medical staff should observe for signs of respiratory depression, central nervous system effects, or liver/kidney dysfunction. Symptom management depends on severity.
Suitable Extinguishing Media: Foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or water spray. Use fog to cool containers exposed to fire.
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media: Direct streams of water, since they may spread the burning liquid.
Specific Hazards: Vapors may accumulate in low or confined areas, travel considerable distances, and flash back. Toxic gases including hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide may form during combustion.
Protective Equipment for Firefighters: Firefighters need full protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus.
Special Fire-Fighting Procedures: Evacuate area. Prevent runoff from firefighting from entering drains or watercourses. Cool fire-exposed containers with water spray until well after fire is out.
Explosion Sensitivity: Vapors form explosive mixture with air. Avoid static discharge and open flames.
Personal Precautions: Evacuate area except trained responders. Avoid inhalation of vapors. Wear chemical-resistant gloves, impervious clothing, and eye protection or face shield. Provide adequate ventilation in spill area.
Environmental Precautions: Prevent spill runoff from entering sewers, waterways, or soil. Dike and contain spill with suitable absorbent materials such as sand, earth, or commercial absorbents.
Cleanup Methods: Absorb spilled liquid in inert material and place in tightly sealed, labeled containers for proper disposal. Wash spill site after material pickup. Ensure cleanup operations are in compliance with local, regional, and national regulations.
Special Procedures: Large spills may require environmental authorities notification. Vapor-suppression using foam may reduce inhalation risk.
Safe Handling: Use only in well-ventilated areas with proper grounding for equipment. Avoid inhalation of vapors and contact with skin, eyes, clothing. Use explosion-proof electrical systems and prevent static discharge.
Storage Requirements: Store in tightly sealed, clearly labeled containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place away from direct sunlight, heat sources, sparks, open flames, strong oxidizers, and incompatible chemicals. Shield from moisture. Keep away from food and beverages.
Incompatible Materials: Strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, active metals, aluminum, alkali metals. Do not use aluminum storage or transfer equipment.
Additional Measures: Keep containers closed when not in use. Inspect regularly for leaks or signs of deterioration. Separate from reactive chemicals.
Occupational Exposure Limits: OSHA PEL (TWA): 100 ppm (400 mg/m³); ACGIH TLV (TWA): 100 ppm (400 mg/m³)
Engineering Controls: Use local exhaust ventilation to prevent vapor build-up. Employ explosion-proof electrical equipment.
Respiratory Protection: If ventilation insufficient, use NIOSH-approved respirators for organic vapors. Suitable respiratory protection for higher concentrations or emergencies.
Skin Protection: Wear chemically resistant gloves (nitrile, butyl rubber) and impervious clothing.
Eye Protection: Use safety goggles, face shield for splash protection.
Hygiene Measures: Wash hands and exposed skin after handling and before eating or drinking. Remove contaminated clothing promptly and wash before reuse.
Environmental Controls: Maintain controls to prevent environmental release.
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Sweet, chloroform-like
Odor Threshold: 50 ppm
pH: Not applicable
Melting Point/Freezing Point: -97.4°C (-143.3°F)
Boiling Point/Range: 57.3°C (135.1°F)
Flash Point: -21°C (-5.8°F) (closed cup)
Evaporation Rate: 4.1 (n-butyl acetate = 1)
Flammability: Highly flammable liquid and vapor
Upper/Lower Flammability Limits: 7.5% / 5.6% (v/v)
Vapor Pressure: 234 mm Hg at 20°C
Vapor Density: 3.42 (Air = 1)
Relative Density: 1.175 at 20°C (water = 1)
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water (5.0 g/L at 20°C); miscible with organic solvents
Partition Coefficient (log Kow): 1.48
Auto-ignition Temperature: 413°C (775°F)
Decomposition Temperature: Not determined
Viscosity: 0.42 mPa·s at 20°C
Chemical Stability: Stable under ordinary conditions when stored properly. Prolonged exposure to heat, flame, or light gradually increases risk of decomposition.
Hazardous Reactions: Reaction with strong alkalis, alkali metals, or strong oxidizing agents results in violent decomposition.
Decomposition Products: Hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide generated during burning or thermal decomposition.
Conditions to Avoid: Heat, sparks, open flames, electrostatic discharge, direct sunlight, and moisture.
Incompatibility: Strong bases, strong oxidants, reactive metals, finely powdered metals, aluminum, sodium, potassium.
Polymerization: Does not polymerize under normal storage and handling conditions.
Probable Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, skin, and eye contact.
Acute Toxicity: Oral (rat) LD50: ~850 mg/kg; Inhalation (rat) LC50: 9,640 ppm/4hr; Dermal effects may include mild irritation.
Skin/Eye Irritation: Causes skin redness and dryness; severe eye irritation is possible on direct contact.
Respiratory Effects: Inhalation results in CNS depression, dizziness, nausea, and, in high doses, loss of consciousness.
Chronic Effects: Liver and kidney damage has been reported. IARC lists as possible carcinogen (Group 2B). No data support reproductive toxicity in humans.
Sensitization: No evidence of skin sensitization.
Other Effects: High vapor concentrations may cause cardiac arrhythmias, especially in individuals with heart conditions.
Medical Conditions Aggravated: Heart disorders, respiratory illnesses, skin conditions.
Ecotoxicity: Toxic to aquatic life primarily through volatility and persistence. LC50 (fish, 96 hr): 110–150 mg/L.
Mobility: Mobile in soil due to high volatility and slight solubility in water. Will volatilize from soil and water surfaces.
Persistence and Degradability: Not easily biodegradable; persists in the environment, especially in anaerobic conditions.
Bioaccumulation Potential: Low potential for bioaccumulation (log Kow: 1.48).
Other Adverse Effects: Hazardous to drinking water supplies if released in large quantities. Ozone depletion not expected.
Recommendations: Prevent product and contaminated materials from entering water bodies or soil.
Waste Disposal: Dispose of in accordance with local, regional, and national regulations. Incineration in properly equipped facilities is preferred.
Container Disposal: Triple rinse and puncture containers for disposal at permitted landfill site or approved drum reconditioner. Never reuse containers for food or drink.
Special Precautions: Do not discharge into sewer systems or open environment. Follow all applicable environmental regulations.
UN Number: 1992
Proper Shipping Name: Flammable liquid, toxic, n.o.s. (1,1-Dichloroethane)
Hazard Class: 3 (Flammable liquid); 6.1 (Toxic substance)
Packing Group: II
Labels: Flammable and toxic
Marine Pollutant: No
Special Precautions for Transport: Keep away from sources of heat, ignition, and direct sunlight; ensure containers are tightly sealed and properly labeled during transit. Emergency Response Guidebook Number: 131.
TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act): Listed
SARA Title III (EPCRA) Section 302/304: Not regulated as an extremely hazardous substance
SARA Title III (EPCRA) Section 313: Subject to reporting
CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act): Reportable quantity: 100 pounds (45.4 kg)
California Proposition 65: Listed as a substance known to cause cancer
OSHA Hazard Communication: Covered under hazardous chemicals codes
WHMIS Classification (Canada): B2 (Flammable liquid), D2A (Very toxic - carcinogen)
International Inventories: Listed on EINECS/ELINCS (EU), DSL (Canada), AICS (Australia), ENCS (Japan), and other major chemical lists.
Restrictions: Use limited to assessed industrial/commercial activities because of health and environmental risks.
